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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: John A. Fornshell; Alessandra Tesei;

    The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman. The “deep scattering layer” composed of invertebrates and fish was discovered in the late 1940s on the echo sounder records. SONARs employing high frequencies, broadband, split beam, and multiple frequencies were developed as methods for the detection, quantification and identification of fish and invertebrates. The study of fish behavior has seen some use of passive acoustic techniques. Advancements in computer technology have been important throughout the last four decades of the twentieth century.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    International Journal of Oceanography
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    International Journal of Oceanography
    Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Oceanography
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Oceanography
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joan L. Welc; Lay Thorne;

    Abstract The Banda Sea earthquake of November 4, 1963 is one of the largest ( M w = 8.3) intraplate events. It involved oblique thrusting at an intermediate depth within the subducted lithosphere near the abrupt bend in the southeastern Banda arc (6.86° S, 129.58° E). To better understand the tectonic significance of this earthquake, the detailed source process of the Banda Sea event was determined by body wave analysis. The rupture history was established by deconvolving source time functions from long-period P wave seismograms, using both individual station and multi-station time-domain deconvolution methods. The seismic moment release occurred within the first 50 s of rupture, initiating at a depth near 120 km and expanding laterally and downdip over a vertical extent of about 50 km. Slip and moment release were concentrated in one main region near the hypocenter, at depths between 110 and 130 km. The along-strike rupture length was only about 100 km, so it is difficult to resolve any horizontal directivity. The compressional stress orientation inferred from the focal mechanism parallels the strike of the slab, and reflects the importance of contortion of the lithosphere in this region. The Banda Sea event may be part of a major detachment at the leading edge of the subducted Australian continental shelf.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics of The Earth...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics of The Earth...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors
      Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vladimir A. Alexeev; Vladimir Ivanov; R. Kwok; Lars Henrik Smedsrud;

    Long-term thinning of arctic sea ice over the last few decades has resulted in significant declines in the coverage of thick multi-year ice accompanied by a proportional increase in thinner first-year ice. This change is often attributed to changes in the arctic atmosphere, both in composition and large-scale circulation, and greater inflow of warmer Pacific water through the Bering Strait. The Atlantic Water (AW) entering the Arctic through Fram Strait has often been considered less important because of strong stratification in the Arctic Ocean and the deeper location of AW compared to Pacific water. In our combined examination of oceanographic measurements and satellite observations of ice concentration and thickness, we find evidence that AW has a direct impact on the thinning of arctic sea ice downstream of Svalbard Archipelago. The affected area extends as far as Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. The imprints of AW appear as local minima in sea ice thickness; ice thickness is significantly less than that expected of first-year ice. Our lower-end conservative estimates indicate that the recent AW warming episode could have contributed up to 150–200 km3 of sea ice melt per year, which would constitute about 20% of the total 900 km3yr−1 negative trend in sea ice volume since 2004.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Cryosphere (TC)arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    The Cryosphere (TC)
    Other literature type . 2018
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-...
    Preprint . 2013
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Cryosphere (TC)arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      The Cryosphere (TC)
      Other literature type . 2018
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-...
      Preprint . 2013
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sylvia T. Cole; Daniel L. Rudnick; John A. Colosi;

    We discuss the seasonal evolution of upper‐ocean thermohaline structure at small horizontal scales. The upper 350 m of a 1000 km long section in the subtropical North Pacific was observed in winter, spring, and summer with 3–14 km horizontal resolution. Four vertical regions had distinct density and salinity structure: the mixed layer, remnant mixed layer, high‐stratification layer, and permanent thermocline. The remnant mixed layer consists of water from the winter mixed layer left over after restratification. The remnant mixed layer was most similar to the mixed layer in winter and spring, and most similar to the high‐stratification layer below in summer. The high‐stratification layer had elevated stratification that varied seasonally. The permanent thermocline varied little seasonally and was horizontally and vertically uniform in comparison. In all seasons, density ratios showed that mixed‐layer θ‐S differences tended to compensate in density with the strongest tendency toward compensation in winter. Density ratios were temperature dominated in the remnant mixed layer consistent with salt‐fingering. Salinity anomalies were largest at the surface and decayed with depth in all seasons. Spectra of isopycnal depth and θ‐S anomalies along isopycnals are compared between the three seasons and four vertical layers. Isopycnal depth variance at 30–46 km wavelengths decreased from winter to spring to summer by a factor of 2–10 in stratified regions. By treating salinity anomalies as a tracer, the effective isopycnal diffusivity in the remnant mixed layer was estimated to be 1.4 m2 s−1 over 30–46 km wavelengths.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Richard C. Dugdale; Frances P. Wilkerson; Fei Chai; Richard A. Feely;

    The equatorial Pacific Ocean is the largest natural source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and it significantly impacts the global carbon cycle. Much of the large flux of upwelled CO2 to the atmosphere is due to incomplete use of the available nitrate (NO3) and low net productivity. This high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) condition of the equatorial upwelling zone (EUZ) has been interpreted from modeling efforts to be due to low levels of silicate (Si(OH)4) that limit the new production of diatoms. These ideas were incorporated into an ecosystem model, CoSINE. This model predicted production by the larger phytoplankton and the picoplankton and effects on air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the Pacific Ocean. However, there were no size‐fractionated rates available for verification. Here we report the first size‐fractionated new and regenerated production rates (obtained with 15N−NO3 and 15N−NH4 incubations) for the EUZ with the objective of validating the conceptual basis and functioning of the CoSINE model. Specifically, the larger phytoplankton (with cell diameters > 5 μm) had greater rates of new production and higher f‐ratios (i.e., the proportion of NO3 to the sum of NO3 and NH4 uptake) than the picoplankton that had high rates of NH4 uptake and low f‐ratios. The way that the larger primary producers are regulated in the EUZ is discussed using a continuous chemostat approach. This combines control of Si(OH)4 production by supply rate (bottom‐up) and control of growth rate (or dilution) by grazing (top‐down control).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Biogeochemica...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Biogeochemica...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
      Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tom Dunkley Jones; Hayley Manners; Murray Hoggett; Sandra Kirtland Turner; +7 Authors

    Abstract. The response of the Earth System to greenhouse-gas driven warming is of critical importance for the future trajectory of our planetary environment. Hypethermal events – past climate transients with significant global-scale warming – can provide insights into the nature and magnitude of these responses. The largest hyperthermal of the Cenozoic was the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM ~ 56 Ma). Here we present a new high-resolution cyclostratigraphy for the classic PETM section at Zumaia, Spain. With this new age model we are able to demonstrate that detrital sediment accumulation rates within this continental margin section increased more than four-fold during the PETM, representing a radical change in regional hydrology that drove dramatic increases in terrestrial to marine sediment flux. During the body of the PETM, orbital-scale variations in bulk sediment Si/Fe ratios are evidence for the continued orbital pacing of sediment erosion and transport processes, most likely linked to precession controls on sub-tropical hydroclimates. Most remarkable is that detrital accumulation rates remain high throughout the body of the PETM, and even reach peak values during the recovery phase of the characteristic PETM carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Using a series of Earth System Model inversions, we demonstrate that the silicate weathering feedback alone is insufficient to recover the PETM CIE, and that active organic carbon burial is required to match the observed dynamics of the CIE. Further, that the period of maximum organic carbon sequestration coincides with the peak in detrital accumulation rates observed at Zumaia. Based on these results, we hypothesize that precession controls on tropical and sub-tropical hydroclimates, and the sediment dynamics associated with this variation, play a significant role in the timing of the rapid climate and CIE recovery from peak-PETM conditions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://www.clim-pas...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://www.clim-past.net/14/1...
    Preprint
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
    Preprint . 2017
    License: CC BY
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
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    Authors: G. Wilson; J. Conrad; J. Anderson; A. Swidinsky; +2 Authors

    Abstract. Recent advancements and the widespread availability of low-cost microcontrollers and electronic components have created new opportunities for developing and using low-cost, open-source instrumentation for near-surface geophysical investigations. Geophysical methods that do not require ground contact, such as frequency-domain electromagnetics, allow one or two users to quickly acquire significant amounts of ground resistivity data in a cost-effective manner. The Colorado School of Mines electromagnetic system (CSM-EM) is a proof-of-concept instrument capable of sensing conductive objects in near-surface environments, and is similar in concept to commercial-grade equipment while costing under USD 400 to build. We tested the functionality of the CSM-EM system in a controlled laboratory setting during the design phase and validated it over a conductive target in an outdoor environment. The transmitter antenna can generate a current of over 2.5 A, and emit signals that are detectable by a receiver antenna at offsets of up to 25 m. The system requires minor refitting to change the functioning frequency, and has been operationally validated at 0.4 and 1.6 kHz. The receiver signal can be measured by off-the-shelf digital multimeters. Future directions will focus on improving the electronic and mechanical stability of the CSM-EM with the goal of using acquired data to make quantitative measurements of subsurface resistivity.

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    Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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      Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI)
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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    Authors: Nikolaj Dahmen; Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun; Martin Knapmeyer; Mark Panning; +7 Authors

    Abstract The rate of occurrence of High Frequency (HF) marsquakes, as recorded by InSight at Homestead Hollow, Elysium Planitia, increased after about L S = 33 ∘ , and ceased almost completely by L S = 187 ∘ , following an apparently seasonal variation with a peak rate near aphelion. We define seismic rate models based on the declination of the Sun, annual solar tides, and the annual CO2 cycle as measured by atmospheric pressure. Evaluation of Akaike weights and evidence ratios shows that the declination of the Sun is the most likely, and the CO2 cycle the least likely driver of this seismic activity, although the discrimination is weak, and the occurrence of a few events in August 2020 is in favor for a triggering by CO2 ice load. We also show that no periodicity related to Phobos' orbit is present in the HF event sequence. Event rate forecasts are presented to allow further discrimination of candidate mechanisms from future observations.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters; OpenAPC Global Initiative
    Article . Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters; OpenAPC Global Initiative
      Article . Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Matthew G. Jackson; Stanley R. Hart;

    Abstract We measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios on 41 olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine Samoan basalts using laser ablation multi-collector (LA-MC) ICPMS. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are corrected for mass bias after eliminating major isobaric interferences from Rb and Kr. The external precision averages ± 320 ppm (2σ) for the 87Sr/86Sr ratios on natural Samoan basalt glass standards of a similar composition to the melt inclusions. All of the Sr-isotope ratios measured by LA-MC-ICPMS on Samoan melt inclusions fall within the range measured on whole-rocks using conventional methods. However, melt inclusions from two Samoan basalt bulk rock samples are extremely heterogeneous in 87Sr/86Sr (0.70459–0.70926), covering 70% of the variability observed in ocean island basalts worldwide and nearly all of the variability observed in the Samoan island chain (0.7044–0.7089). Seven melt inclusions from a third high 3He/4He Samoan basalt are isotopically homogeneous and exhibit 87Sr/86Sr values from 0.70434 to 0.70469. Several melt inclusions yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than their host rock, indicating that assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere is not the likely mechanism contributing to the isotopic variability in these melt inclusions. Additionally, none of the 41 melt inclusions analyzed exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower than the least radiogenic basalts in Samoa (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044), within the quoted external precision. This provides an additional argument against assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere as the source of the isotopic diversity in the melt inclusions. The trace element and isotopic diversity in Samoan melt inclusions can be modeled by aggregated fractional melting of two sources: A high 3He/4He source and an EM2 (enriched mantle 2) source. Melts of these two sources mix to generate the isotopic diversity in the Samoan melt inclusions. However, the melt inclusions from a basalt with the highest 3He/4He ratios in Samoa exhibit no evidence of an enriched component, but can be modeled as melts of a pure high 3He/4He mantle source.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Authors: Dobson, Ruaraidh; Siddiqi, Kamran; Ferdous, Tarana; Huque, Rumana; +3 Authors

    BACKGROUND: Scientific understanding of indoor air pollution is predominately based on research carried out in cities in high‐income countries (HICs). Less is known about how pollutant concentrations change over the course of a typical day in cities in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).OBJECTIVE: To understand how concentrations of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) change over the course of the day outdoors (across a range of countries) and indoors (using measurements from Dhaka, Bangladesh).DESIGN: Data on PM2.5 concentrations were gathered from 779 households in Dhaka as part of the MCLASS II (Muslim Communities Learning About Second‐hand Smoke in Bangladesh) project, and compared to outdoor PM2.5 concentrations to determine the temporal variation in exposure to air pollution. Hourly PM2.5 data from 23 cities in 14 LMICs, as well as London (UK), Paris (France) and New York (NY, USA), were extracted from publicly available sources for comparison.RESULTS: PM2.5 in homes in Dhaka demonstrated a similar temporal pattern to outdoor measurements, with greater concentrations at night than in the afternoon. This pattern was also evident in 19 of 23 LMIC cities.CONCLUSION: PM2.5 concentrations are greater at night than during the afternoon in homes in Dhaka. Diurnal variations in PM2.5 in LMICs is substantial and greater than in London, Paris or New York. This has implications for public health community approaches to health effects of air pollution in LMICs.

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    The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
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    Authors: John A. Fornshell; Alessandra Tesei;

    The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman. The “deep scattering layer” composed of invertebrates and fish was discovered in the late 1940s on the echo sounder records. SONARs employing high frequencies, broadband, split beam, and multiple frequencies were developed as methods for the detection, quantification and identification of fish and invertebrates. The study of fish behavior has seen some use of passive acoustic techniques. Advancements in computer technology have been important throughout the last four decades of the twentieth century.

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    International Journal of Oceanography
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    International Journal of Oceanography
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      International Journal of Oceanography
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Oceanography
      Article
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    Authors: Joan L. Welc; Lay Thorne;

    Abstract The Banda Sea earthquake of November 4, 1963 is one of the largest ( M w = 8.3) intraplate events. It involved oblique thrusting at an intermediate depth within the subducted lithosphere near the abrupt bend in the southeastern Banda arc (6.86° S, 129.58° E). To better understand the tectonic significance of this earthquake, the detailed source process of the Banda Sea event was determined by body wave analysis. The rupture history was established by deconvolving source time functions from long-period P wave seismograms, using both individual station and multi-station time-domain deconvolution methods. The seismic moment release occurred within the first 50 s of rupture, initiating at a depth near 120 km and expanding laterally and downdip over a vertical extent of about 50 km. Slip and moment release were concentrated in one main region near the hypocenter, at depths between 110 and 130 km. The along-strike rupture length was only about 100 km, so it is difficult to resolve any horizontal directivity. The compressional stress orientation inferred from the focal mechanism parallels the strike of the slab, and reflects the importance of contortion of the lithosphere in this region. The Banda Sea event may be part of a major detachment at the leading edge of the subducted Australian continental shelf.

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    Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors
      Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vladimir A. Alexeev; Vladimir Ivanov; R. Kwok; Lars Henrik Smedsrud;

    Long-term thinning of arctic sea ice over the last few decades has resulted in significant declines in the coverage of thick multi-year ice accompanied by a proportional increase in thinner first-year ice. This change is often attributed to changes in the arctic atmosphere, both in composition and large-scale circulation, and greater inflow of warmer Pacific water through the Bering Strait. The Atlantic Water (AW) entering the Arctic through Fram Strait has often been considered less important because of strong stratification in the Arctic Ocean and the deeper location of AW compared to Pacific water. In our combined examination of oceanographic measurements and satellite observations of ice concentration and thickness, we find evidence that AW has a direct impact on the thinning of arctic sea ice downstream of Svalbard Archipelago. The affected area extends as far as Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. The imprints of AW appear as local minima in sea ice thickness; ice thickness is significantly less than that expected of first-year ice. Our lower-end conservative estimates indicate that the recent AW warming episode could have contributed up to 150–200 km3 of sea ice melt per year, which would constitute about 20% of the total 900 km3yr−1 negative trend in sea ice volume since 2004.

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    The Cryosphere (TC)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-...
    Preprint . 2013
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      The Cryosphere (TC)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-...
      Preprint . 2013
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    Authors: Sylvia T. Cole; Daniel L. Rudnick; John A. Colosi;

    We discuss the seasonal evolution of upper‐ocean thermohaline structure at small horizontal scales. The upper 350 m of a 1000 km long section in the subtropical North Pacific was observed in winter, spring, and summer with 3–14 km horizontal resolution. Four vertical regions had distinct density and salinity structure: the mixed layer, remnant mixed layer, high‐stratification layer, and permanent thermocline. The remnant mixed layer consists of water from the winter mixed layer left over after restratification. The remnant mixed layer was most similar to the mixed layer in winter and spring, and most similar to the high‐stratification layer below in summer. The high‐stratification layer had elevated stratification that varied seasonally. The permanent thermocline varied little seasonally and was horizontally and vertically uniform in comparison. In all seasons, density ratios showed that mixed‐layer θ‐S differences tended to compensate in density with the strongest tendency toward compensation in winter. Density ratios were temperature dominated in the remnant mixed layer consistent with salt‐fingering. Salinity anomalies were largest at the surface and decayed with depth in all seasons. Spectra of isopycnal depth and θ‐S anomalies along isopycnals are compared between the three seasons and four vertical layers. Isopycnal depth variance at 30–46 km wavelengths decreased from winter to spring to summer by a factor of 2–10 in stratified regions. By treating salinity anomalies as a tracer, the effective isopycnal diffusivity in the remnant mixed layer was estimated to be 1.4 m2 s−1 over 30–46 km wavelengths.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Richard C. Dugdale; Frances P. Wilkerson; Fei Chai; Richard A. Feely;

    The equatorial Pacific Ocean is the largest natural source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and it significantly impacts the global carbon cycle. Much of the large flux of upwelled CO2 to the atmosphere is due to incomplete use of the available nitrate (NO3) and low net productivity. This high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) condition of the equatorial upwelling zone (EUZ) has been interpreted from modeling efforts to be due to low levels of silicate (Si(OH)4) that limit the new production of diatoms. These ideas were incorporated into an ecosystem model, CoSINE. This model predicted production by the larger phytoplankton and the picoplankton and effects on air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the Pacific Ocean. However, there were no size‐fractionated rates available for verification. Here we report the first size‐fractionated new and regenerated production rates (obtained with 15N−NO3 and 15N−NH4 incubations) for the EUZ with the objective of validating the conceptual basis and functioning of the CoSINE model. Specifically, the larger phytoplankton (with cell diameters > 5 μm) had greater rates of new production and higher f‐ratios (i.e., the proportion of NO3 to the sum of NO3 and NH4 uptake) than the picoplankton that had high rates of NH4 uptake and low f‐ratios. The way that the larger primary producers are regulated in the EUZ is discussed using a continuous chemostat approach. This combines control of Si(OH)4 production by supply rate (bottom‐up) and control of growth rate (or dilution) by grazing (top‐down control).

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
      Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tom Dunkley Jones; Hayley Manners; Murray Hoggett; Sandra Kirtland Turner; +7 Authors

    Abstract. The response of the Earth System to greenhouse-gas driven warming is of critical importance for the future trajectory of our planetary environment. Hypethermal events – past climate transients with significant global-scale warming – can provide insights into the nature and magnitude of these responses. The largest hyperthermal of the Cenozoic was the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM ~ 56 Ma). Here we present a new high-resolution cyclostratigraphy for the classic PETM section at Zumaia, Spain. With this new age model we are able to demonstrate that detrital sediment accumulation rates within this continental margin section increased more than four-fold during the PETM, representing a radical change in regional hydrology that drove dramatic increases in terrestrial to marine sediment flux. During the body of the PETM, orbital-scale variations in bulk sediment Si/Fe ratios are evidence for the continued orbital pacing of sediment erosion and transport processes, most likely linked to precession controls on sub-tropical hydroclimates. Most remarkable is that detrital accumulation rates remain high throughout the body of the PETM, and even reach peak values during the recovery phase of the characteristic PETM carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Using a series of Earth System Model inversions, we demonstrate that the silicate weathering feedback alone is insufficient to recover the PETM CIE, and that active organic carbon burial is required to match the observed dynamics of the CIE. Further, that the period of maximum organic carbon sequestration coincides with the peak in detrital accumulation rates observed at Zumaia. Based on these results, we hypothesize that precession controls on tropical and sub-tropical hydroclimates, and the sediment dynamics associated with this variation, play a significant role in the timing of the rapid climate and CIE recovery from peak-PETM conditions.

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    https://www.clim-past.net/14/1...
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
    Preprint . 2017
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      https://www.clim-past.net/14/1...
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
      Preprint . 2017
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    Authors: G. Wilson; J. Conrad; J. Anderson; A. Swidinsky; +2 Authors

    Abstract. Recent advancements and the widespread availability of low-cost microcontrollers and electronic components have created new opportunities for developing and using low-cost, open-source instrumentation for near-surface geophysical investigations. Geophysical methods that do not require ground contact, such as frequency-domain electromagnetics, allow one or two users to quickly acquire significant amounts of ground resistivity data in a cost-effective manner. The Colorado School of Mines electromagnetic system (CSM-EM) is a proof-of-concept instrument capable of sensing conductive objects in near-surface environments, and is similar in concept to commercial-grade equipment while costing under USD 400 to build. We tested the functionality of the CSM-EM system in a controlled laboratory setting during the design phase and validated it over a conductive target in an outdoor environment. The transmitter antenna can generate a current of over 2.5 A, and emit signals that are detectable by a receiver antenna at offsets of up to 25 m. The system requires minor refitting to change the functioning frequency, and has been operationally validated at 0.4 and 1.6 kHz. The receiver signal can be measured by off-the-shelf digital multimeters. Future directions will focus on improving the electronic and mechanical stability of the CSM-EM with the goal of using acquired data to make quantitative measurements of subsurface resistivity.

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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2022
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    Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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      Copernicus Publications
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      Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI)
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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      DOAJ
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    Authors: Nikolaj Dahmen; Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun; Martin Knapmeyer; Mark Panning; +7 Authors

    Abstract The rate of occurrence of High Frequency (HF) marsquakes, as recorded by InSight at Homestead Hollow, Elysium Planitia, increased after about L S = 33 ∘ , and ceased almost completely by L S = 187 ∘ , following an apparently seasonal variation with a peak rate near aphelion. We define seismic rate models based on the declination of the Sun, annual solar tides, and the annual CO2 cycle as measured by atmospheric pressure. Evaluation of Akaike weights and evidence ratios shows that the declination of the Sun is the most likely, and the CO2 cycle the least likely driver of this seismic activity, although the discrimination is weak, and the occurrence of a few events in August 2020 is in favor for a triggering by CO2 ice load. We also show that no periodicity related to Phobos' orbit is present in the HF event sequence. Event rate forecasts are presented to allow further discrimination of candidate mechanisms from future observations.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters; OpenAPC Global Initiative
    Article . Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters; OpenAPC Global Initiative
      Article . Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Matthew G. Jackson; Stanley R. Hart;

    Abstract We measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios on 41 olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine Samoan basalts using laser ablation multi-collector (LA-MC) ICPMS. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are corrected for mass bias after eliminating major isobaric interferences from Rb and Kr. The external precision averages ± 320 ppm (2σ) for the 87Sr/86Sr ratios on natural Samoan basalt glass standards of a similar composition to the melt inclusions. All of the Sr-isotope ratios measured by LA-MC-ICPMS on Samoan melt inclusions fall within the range measured on whole-rocks using conventional methods. However, melt inclusions from two Samoan basalt bulk rock samples are extremely heterogeneous in 87Sr/86Sr (0.70459–0.70926), covering 70% of the variability observed in ocean island basalts worldwide and nearly all of the variability observed in the Samoan island chain (0.7044–0.7089). Seven melt inclusions from a third high 3He/4He Samoan basalt are isotopically homogeneous and exhibit 87Sr/86Sr values from 0.70434 to 0.70469. Several melt inclusions yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than their host rock, indicating that assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere is not the likely mechanism contributing to the isotopic variability in these melt inclusions. Additionally, none of the 41 melt inclusions analyzed exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower than the least radiogenic basalts in Samoa (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044), within the quoted external precision. This provides an additional argument against assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere as the source of the isotopic diversity in the melt inclusions. The trace element and isotopic diversity in Samoan melt inclusions can be modeled by aggregated fractional melting of two sources: A high 3He/4He source and an EM2 (enriched mantle 2) source. Melts of these two sources mix to generate the isotopic diversity in the Samoan melt inclusions. However, the melt inclusions from a basalt with the highest 3He/4He ratios in Samoa exhibit no evidence of an enriched component, but can be modeled as melts of a pure high 3He/4He mantle source.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Authors: Dobson, Ruaraidh; Siddiqi, Kamran; Ferdous, Tarana; Huque, Rumana; +3 Authors

    BACKGROUND: Scientific understanding of indoor air pollution is predominately based on research carried out in cities in high‐income countries (HICs). Less is known about how pollutant concentrations change over the course of a typical day in cities in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).OBJECTIVE: To understand how concentrations of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) change over the course of the day outdoors (across a range of countries) and indoors (using measurements from Dhaka, Bangladesh).DESIGN: Data on PM2.5 concentrations were gathered from 779 households in Dhaka as part of the MCLASS II (Muslim Communities Learning About Second‐hand Smoke in Bangladesh) project, and compared to outdoor PM2.5 concentrations to determine the temporal variation in exposure to air pollution. Hourly PM2.5 data from 23 cities in 14 LMICs, as well as London (UK), Paris (France) and New York (NY, USA), were extracted from publicly available sources for comparison.RESULTS: PM2.5 in homes in Dhaka demonstrated a similar temporal pattern to outdoor measurements, with greater concentrations at night than in the afternoon. This pattern was also evident in 19 of 23 LMIC cities.CONCLUSION: PM2.5 concentrations are greater at night than during the afternoon in homes in Dhaka. Diurnal variations in PM2.5 in LMICs is substantial and greater than in London, Paris or New York. This has implications for public health community approaches to health effects of air pollution in LMICs.

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    The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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