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  • NEANIAS Atmospheric Research Community
  • 2018-2022
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  • Authors: Deboulet, Agnès; Mansour, Waleed;

    International audience; The climate crisis is hitting around the world, including in the Middle East and its cities. Urban regions are exposed to increasingly frequent heat waves and floods that leave decision makers without immediate answers. In the context of this global crisis, this book addresses the need for a better understanding of the current model of urban expansion. Cities are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but they are also celebrated for their contribution to economic growth. The current moment is one of a large paradigm shift as climate change is now recognized as a legitimate public problem. This is especially true for city dwellers, who are increasingly exposed to climate change, the loss of biodiversity and heavy pollution while natural breathing spaces continue to shrink around them. The sixteen chapters of this book do not offer any off-the-rack or technical solutions, but they analyze the urban conundrum and the contribution of cities to the climate crisis. Some chapters focus on individual car ownership, land privatization, waste management and land use changes under the guise of development. Others explore local and contextual answers to urban governance issues. With the support of CEDEJ and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, researchers, experts and civil society actors explore the ongoing transformations of Middle Eastern urban environments and mobilities and question them in relation to the climate crisis. The contributions are based on empirical knowledge gathered in the Nile Delta, the Greater Cairo Region, Riyadh and Beirut. Without concessions to mainstream thinking, this book contributes to a better understanding of urban challenges, climate threats and policy responses in contexts marked by growing environmental inequalities.

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  • Authors: Dressen-Hammouda, Dacia;

    International audience; Diachronic approaches to text analysis have given rise to a wide range of methods, including historical discourse analysis (Berkenkotter, 2009), historical pragmatics (Jucker, 1995), historical sociopragmatics (Culpepper, 2009), historical speech acts (Jucker & Taavitsainen, 2008), and more recently, diachronic English for Specific Purposes (Alonso-Almeida & Marrero-Morales, 2011; Banks, 2012). Such approaches have long been influential in promoting the idea that socio-historical context is important to consider when describing the linguistic and rhetorical features of specialized writing in English for specific, academic and research purposes. Other noteworthy contributions include Bazerman’s (1988) study on the development of writing in physics, Salager-Meyer’s (1999) study on changes in referential behavior in medical research writing, Atkinson (1999) and Salager-Meyer’s (1994) studies of the evolution of medical written discourse, and Banks’s (2008) analysis of the development of English scientific rhetoric across specific journals. These studies have been instrumental in helping frame our understanding of scientific writing. They have also proposed methods that prove useful for examining the harder-to-see features of specialized writing, such as its implicit, “insider” meaning. Not having access to this implicit content can impede less experienced or non-native writers’ ability to gain a foothold in their respective fields. As argued elsewhere (Dressen-Hammouda, 2008), becoming a proficient writer in a specialized area does not happen just because one has been exposed to the relevant features of specialized genres in the ESP classroom. Rather, learners must also incorporate in-depth contextual knowledge about the socio-historically situated processes by which experts in their fields produce specialized writing.Unquestionably, socio-historical insight into the implicit features of specialized writing can make a considerable contribution to teaching methods, making them both richer and more grounded, thus benefitting ESP teachers and trainee-teachers, and by extension, their students. While ethnographic and qualitative approaches to writing research have become increasingly popular of late as a means of providing such explanations (e.g. Barton and Hamilton, 2000; Lillis & Curry, 2010; Paltridge, Starfield and Tardy, 2016), diachronic analyses also provide important tools, notably by situating current text features within past contexts, and showing how they emerge from those contexts. They can also provide insight into which features become “silenced” over time. For example, while some rhetorical acts, such as making frequent and explicit references to one’s personal research actions, are no longer acceptable in modern scientific writing, diachronic analysis provides evidence that such content may still be present in the writing, albeit tacitly; specialist readers glean it from the text thanks to their ability to “read between the lines” and “fill in the blanks”. Being unable to readily identify and reproduce such tacit knowledge can prove to be a serious obstacle for less experienced or non-native writers. An important task in ESP, EAP and ERP research is therefore to help reveal such hard-to-identify implicit features.The research described in this chapter shows how a diachronic approach can help reveal the implicit content of disciplinary writing. To illustrate the approach, the analysis will focus on the discipline of geology, examining how geologists, both past and present, tend to both write about, and silence, details of their field research. A helpful concept that can also be used to frame the analysis of implicit writing features is indexicality (Dressen-Hammouda, 2014). The next section will briefly describe this concept. Drawing on the comparative, diachronic analysis of two corpora, a four-step methodology based on Hymes (1972) is then described. Indexical analysis, the method used, is useful for identifying specific implicit, indexical structures in geology writing by distinguishing between what is “formally possible”, “contextually appropriate”, “possibly implied” and “actually attested” (see Hymes, 1972). In conclusion, it will be argued that diachronic studies are the foundation for carrying out indexical analysis. In effect, by diachronically reconstructing the emergence of disciplinary and professional discourses and practices, indexical analysis provides meaningful insight into the implicit frames of reference that operate within and give meaning to academics’ and professionals’ written discoursal practices.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cayot, Philippe;

    International audience; Lipid or protein are sensitive to peroxidation and inert gas limit or stop adulterations. Unsaturated lipids are peroxided by ground state dioxygen in presence of catalysts (iron, enzymes) or after thermal dissociation of C=C bond, and by excited state dioxygen without any assistance (photo-oxidation). Inerting fragile oils by bubbling with dinitrogen or carbon dioxide that are soluble gas in oil slows oxidation process during storage or frying. In a same way, limit the oxidation of the tryptophan residues of protein is possible by reducing oxygen content. Oxidation leads also to oxidation of thiol in disulfide, which induced protein cross-linked and decay of functional properties, but also to change of aroma in case of volatile thiols. Bubbling with N2 is preferable in aqueous solution because of buffering effect of CO2. Dioxygen enters in the phenol polymerization of fresh-cut fruits and vegetable but dioxygen cannot be completely eliminated in order to preserve the life of cells.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL - Université de ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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The following results are related to NEANIAS Atmospheric Research Community. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.
  • Authors: Deboulet, Agnès; Mansour, Waleed;

    International audience; The climate crisis is hitting around the world, including in the Middle East and its cities. Urban regions are exposed to increasingly frequent heat waves and floods that leave decision makers without immediate answers. In the context of this global crisis, this book addresses the need for a better understanding of the current model of urban expansion. Cities are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but they are also celebrated for their contribution to economic growth. The current moment is one of a large paradigm shift as climate change is now recognized as a legitimate public problem. This is especially true for city dwellers, who are increasingly exposed to climate change, the loss of biodiversity and heavy pollution while natural breathing spaces continue to shrink around them. The sixteen chapters of this book do not offer any off-the-rack or technical solutions, but they analyze the urban conundrum and the contribution of cities to the climate crisis. Some chapters focus on individual car ownership, land privatization, waste management and land use changes under the guise of development. Others explore local and contextual answers to urban governance issues. With the support of CEDEJ and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, researchers, experts and civil society actors explore the ongoing transformations of Middle Eastern urban environments and mobilities and question them in relation to the climate crisis. The contributions are based on empirical knowledge gathered in the Nile Delta, the Greater Cairo Region, Riyadh and Beirut. Without concessions to mainstream thinking, this book contributes to a better understanding of urban challenges, climate threats and policy responses in contexts marked by growing environmental inequalities.

    0
    citations0
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
    impulseAverage
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
  • Authors: Dressen-Hammouda, Dacia;

    International audience; Diachronic approaches to text analysis have given rise to a wide range of methods, including historical discourse analysis (Berkenkotter, 2009), historical pragmatics (Jucker, 1995), historical sociopragmatics (Culpepper, 2009), historical speech acts (Jucker & Taavitsainen, 2008), and more recently, diachronic English for Specific Purposes (Alonso-Almeida & Marrero-Morales, 2011; Banks, 2012). Such approaches have long been influential in promoting the idea that socio-historical context is important to consider when describing the linguistic and rhetorical features of specialized writing in English for specific, academic and research purposes. Other noteworthy contributions include Bazerman’s (1988) study on the development of writing in physics, Salager-Meyer’s (1999) study on changes in referential behavior in medical research writing, Atkinson (1999) and Salager-Meyer’s (1994) studies of the evolution of medical written discourse, and Banks’s (2008) analysis of the development of English scientific rhetoric across specific journals. These studies have been instrumental in helping frame our understanding of scientific writing. They have also proposed methods that prove useful for examining the harder-to-see features of specialized writing, such as its implicit, “insider” meaning. Not having access to this implicit content can impede less experienced or non-native writers’ ability to gain a foothold in their respective fields. As argued elsewhere (Dressen-Hammouda, 2008), becoming a proficient writer in a specialized area does not happen just because one has been exposed to the relevant features of specialized genres in the ESP classroom. Rather, learners must also incorporate in-depth contextual knowledge about the socio-historically situated processes by which experts in their fields produce specialized writing.Unquestionably, socio-historical insight into the implicit features of specialized writing can make a considerable contribution to teaching methods, making them both richer and more grounded, thus benefitting ESP teachers and trainee-teachers, and by extension, their students. While ethnographic and qualitative approaches to writing research have become increasingly popular of late as a means of providing such explanations (e.g. Barton and Hamilton, 2000; Lillis & Curry, 2010; Paltridge, Starfield and Tardy, 2016), diachronic analyses also provide important tools, notably by situating current text features within past contexts, and showing how they emerge from those contexts. They can also provide insight into which features become “silenced” over time. For example, while some rhetorical acts, such as making frequent and explicit references to one’s personal research actions, are no longer acceptable in modern scientific writing, diachronic analysis provides evidence that such content may still be present in the writing, albeit tacitly; specialist readers glean it from the text thanks to their ability to “read between the lines” and “fill in the blanks”. Being unable to readily identify and reproduce such tacit knowledge can prove to be a serious obstacle for less experienced or non-native writers. An important task in ESP, EAP and ERP research is therefore to help reveal such hard-to-identify implicit features.The research described in this chapter shows how a diachronic approach can help reveal the implicit content of disciplinary writing. To illustrate the approach, the analysis will focus on the discipline of geology, examining how geologists, both past and present, tend to both write about, and silence, details of their field research. A helpful concept that can also be used to frame the analysis of implicit writing features is indexicality (Dressen-Hammouda, 2014). The next section will briefly describe this concept. Drawing on the comparative, diachronic analysis of two corpora, a four-step methodology based on Hymes (1972) is then described. Indexical analysis, the method used, is useful for identifying specific implicit, indexical structures in geology writing by distinguishing between what is “formally possible”, “contextually appropriate”, “possibly implied” and “actually attested” (see Hymes, 1972). In conclusion, it will be argued that diachronic studies are the foundation for carrying out indexical analysis. In effect, by diachronically reconstructing the emergence of disciplinary and professional discourses and practices, indexical analysis provides meaningful insight into the implicit frames of reference that operate within and give meaning to academics’ and professionals’ written discoursal practices.

    0
    citations0
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
    impulseAverage
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    more_vert
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cayot, Philippe;

    International audience; Lipid or protein are sensitive to peroxidation and inert gas limit or stop adulterations. Unsaturated lipids are peroxided by ground state dioxygen in presence of catalysts (iron, enzymes) or after thermal dissociation of C=C bond, and by excited state dioxygen without any assistance (photo-oxidation). Inerting fragile oils by bubbling with dinitrogen or carbon dioxide that are soluble gas in oil slows oxidation process during storage or frying. In a same way, limit the oxidation of the tryptophan residues of protein is possible by reducing oxygen content. Oxidation leads also to oxidation of thiol in disulfide, which induced protein cross-linked and decay of functional properties, but also to change of aroma in case of volatile thiols. Bubbling with N2 is preferable in aqueous solution because of buffering effect of CO2. Dioxygen enters in the phenol polymerization of fresh-cut fruits and vegetable but dioxygen cannot be completely eliminated in order to preserve the life of cells.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL - Université de ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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