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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2014-2023
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  • Authors: Huikyong Cho; Nadia Bouain; Luqing Zheng; Hatem Rouached;

    International audience; Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Importantly, plants require a large amount of P to grow, and P deficiency causes huge losses in plant production. Although this issue can be mitigated by the appropriate use of phosphate (Pi) rock-derived P fertilizers, phosphate rock is a finite natural resource. Moreover, the increased demand for food as a result of our growing global population is another factor contributing to a prospective P crisis. While creating crops that are resilient to Pi deficiency presents great scientific challenge, the current progress in our understanding of how plants regulate Pi homeostasis offers some opportunities for further study. In this review, we present the published research supporting these opportunities, which are based on the molecular mechanisms that plants have evolved to respond to P deficiency. First, we focus on recent advances in P sensing and signaling pathways in the regulation of root system architecture. Next, we describe the mechanisms that regulate Pi transport and accumulation, in a Pi- (or other nutrient) dependent manner. Integrating these data will help to design an innovative strategy for improving Pi nutrition in plants. In addition, this will help with Pi scarcity, one of the challenges facing agriculture in the twenty first century.

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    Authors: David J. Bertioli; Josh Clevenger; Ignácio José de Godoy; H. T. Stalker; +24 Authors

    The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security. Significance A great challenge for humanity is feeding its growing population while minimizing ecosystem damage and climate change. Here, we uncover the global benefits arising from the introduction of one wild species accession to peanut-breeding programs decades ago. This work emphasizes the importance of biodiversity to crop improvement: peanut cultivars with genetics from this wild accession provided improved food security and reduced use of fungicide sprays. However, this study also highlights the perilous consequences of changes in legal frameworks and attitudes concerning biodiversity. These changes have greatly reduced the botanical collections, seed exchanges, and international collaborations which are essential for the continued diversification of crop genetics and, consequently, the long-term resilience of crops against evolving pests and pathogens and changing climate.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Nouri, B.; Kuhn, P.; Wilbert, S.; Hanrieder, N.; +5 Authors

    International audience; Solar irradiance nowcasts can be derived with sky images from all sky imagers (ASI) by detecting and analyzing transient clouds, which are the main contributor of intra-hour solar irradiance variability. The accuracy of ASI based solar irradiance nowcasting systems depends on various processing steps. Two vital steps are the cloud height detection and cloud tracking. This task is challenging, due to the atmospheric conditions that are often complex, including various cloud layers moving in different directions simultaneously.This challenge is addressed by detecting and tracking individual clouds. For this, we developed two distinct ASI nowcasting approaches with four or two cameras and a third hybridized approach. These three systems create individual 3-D cloud models with unique attributes including height, position, size, optical properties and motion. This enables us to describe complex multi-layer conditions.In this paper, derived cloud height and motion vectors are compared with a reference ceilometer (height) and shadow camera system (motion) over a 30 day validation period. The validation data set includes a wide range of cloud heights, cloud motion patterns and atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, limitations of ASI based nowcasting systems due to image resolution and image perspective constrains are discussed.The most promising system is found to be the hybridized approach. This approach uses four ASIs and a voxel carving based cloud modeling combined with a cloud segmentation independent stereoscopic cloud height and tracking detection. We observed for this approach an overall mean absolute error of 648 m for the height, 1.3 m/s for the cloud speed and 16.2° for the motion direction.

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    Solar Energy
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    Solar Energy
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Article . 2019
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      Solar Energy
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Nima Pahlevan; Sandeep K. Chittimalli; Sundarabalan V. Balasubramanian; Vincenzo Vellucci;

    International audience; Sentinel-2 and Landsat data products when combined open opportunities for capturing the dynamics of nearshore coastal and inland waters at rates that have never been possible before. Recognizing the differences in their spectral and spatial sampling, to generate a seamless data record for global water quality monitoring, it is critical to quantify how well the derived data products agree under various atmospheric and aquatic conditions. This study provides an extensive quantitative assessment of how Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B equivalent data products compare and discusses implications on differences in downstream products generated via the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS). These products include the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance (ρ t), the remote-sensing reflectance (R rs), as well as biogeochemical properties, such as the total suspended solids (TSS). The analyses are conducted a) for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B near-simultaneous nadir overpasses (n-SNO) and b) over several highly turbid/eutrophic inland/nearshore waters. Following the implementation of vicarious gains for Sentinel-2A, the n-SNO analyses indicated that Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A agree within ± 1% in ρ t and ± 5% in R rs products across the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands. Similar evaluations with preliminary vicarious gains for Sentinel-2B showed ± 2% in ρ t and ± 7% in R rs products. Considering Landsat-8-derived R rs products as a reference, we found < 5% difference in Sentinel-2A and-2B R rs products. Analyses of combined TSS and R rs time-series products over several aquatic systems further corroborated these results and demonstrated the remarkable value of combined products. Occasional negative retrievals of R rs products over hypereutrophic and highly turbid waters suggest the need for improvements in the atmospheric correction procedure to empower science/application community to fully explore Landsat-Sentinel-2 products. With very similar absolute radiometric observations and products, the science community should consider developments of suitable biogeochemical algorithms to maximize the utility of merged Landsat-Sentinel-2 products.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Muriel Gros‐Balthazard; Vincent Battesti; Jonathan M. Flowers; Sylvie Ferrand; +7 Authors

    International audience; Understanding how farmers name and categorize their crops in relation to the way they propagate them is critical for a proper assessment of agrobiodiversity. Yet, indigenous knowledge is often overlooked in genetic studies which may result in an underestimation of crop diversity preventing its conservation and mobilization for developing sustainable agrosystem.Here, we study the status of the barnī date palm, the local elite variety of the oasis of al-‘Ulā, Saudi Arabia. We conducted an ethnobotanical survey on local phoeniculture practices and generated whole-genome data to determine whether or not barnī palms are exclusively clonally propagated. Further, we contrasted the genomes of barnī and two other palms from al-‘Ulā with 112 Phoenix spp. to provide a first insight into the origin of date palm diversity in this millennia-old oasis.Results show that behind the name barnī lies a single clone line, a true-to-type cultivar, indicating clonal propagation by offshoots with name maintenance even between distinct cultivating situations in al-Ulā and a nearby oasis. Nonetheless, it is distinct from the prominent barnī cultivated in Oman. Its ancestry is comparable to other West Asian date palms but we found that the ancestry of another palm from this oasis shows influence from North African date palm.What lies behind the cultivar name barnī in al-‘Ulā and further afield in the Arabian Peninsula has been deciphered through the key disciplinary combination of social anthropology and genetics. Future studies will provide additional insights into the original genetic make-up of this oasis.; Pour évaluer correctement l’agrobiodiversité, il est essentiel de comprendre comment les agriculteurs nomment et classent leurs cultures, notamment au regard de leurs méthodes de multiplication. Pourtant, les savoirs locaux sont souvent négligés dans les études génétiques, ce qui peut entraîner une sous-estimation de la diversité des cultures et entraver sa conservation et sa mobilisation pour le développement d’agrosystèmes durables.Ici, nous étudions le statut du palmier dattier barnī, la variété élite locale de l’oasis d’al-’Ulā, en Arabie saoudite. Nous avons mené une enquête ethnobotanique sur les pratiques phœnicicoles locales et généré des données sur le génome entier afin de déterminer si les palmiers barnī sont ou non exclusivement propagés de manière clonale. En outre, nous avons comparé les génomes du barnī et de deux autres palmiers d’al-’Ulā avec 112 Phoenix spp. afin de fournir un premier aperçu de l’origine de la diversité des palmiers dattiers dans cette oasis millénaire.Les résultats montrent que derrière le nom barnī se cache une seule lignée clonale, un cultivar vrai, indiquant une propagation clonale par rejets avec maintien du nom même entre des contextes de culture bien distincts à al-Ulā ou dans une oasis voisine. Néanmoins, ce cultivar est distinct du barnī très répandu à Oman. Son ascendance est comparable à celle d’autres palmiers dattiers d’Asie occidentale, mais nous avons constaté que l’ascendance d’un autre palmier de cette oasis montre une influence des palmiers dattiers d’Afrique du Nord.Ce qui se cache derrière le nom du cultivar barnī à al-’Ulā et plus loin dans la péninsule arabique a été déchiffré grâce à la combinaison de disciplines-clés que sont l’anthropologie sociale et la génétique. De futures recherches permettront de mieux comprendre la composition génétique originale de cette oasis.

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    Plants, People, Planet
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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      Plants, People, Planet
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    Authors: J.-C. Lee; Matteo Massironi; Wing-Huen Ip; Lorenza Giacomini; +48 Authors

    International audience; In 2015 May, the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko became visible by the OSIRIS cameras on-board the Rosetta spacecraft. The resolution was high enough to carry out a detailed analysis of the surface morphology, which is quite different from the Northern hemisphere. Previous works show that fine particle deposits are the most extensive geological unit in the Northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Southern hemisphere is dominated by outcropping consolidated terrain. In this work, we provide geomorphological maps of the Southern hemisphere with the distinction of both geological units and linear features. The geomorphological maps described in this study allow us to gain a better understanding of the processes shaping the comet nucleus and the distribution of primary structures such as fractures and strata.

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    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . 2016
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Doubovik, Oleg, Dubovik; Xu, Feng; Diner, David; Dubovik, Oleg; +1 Authors

    International audience; Aerosol retrieval algorithms used in conjunction with remote sensing are subject to ill-posedness. To mitigate non-uniqueness, extra constraints (in addition to observations) are valuable for stabilizing the inversion process. This paper focuses on the imposition of an empirical correlation constraint on the retrieved aerosol parameters. This constraint reflects the empirical dependency between different aerosol parameters, thereby reducing the number of degrees of freedom and enabling accelerated computation of the radiation fields associated with neighboring pixels. A cross-pixel constraint that capitalizes on the smooth spatial variations of aerosol properties was built into the original multi-pixel inversion approach. Here, the spatial smoothness condition is imposed on principal components (PCs) of the aerosol model, and on the corresponding PC weights, where the PCs are used to characterize departures from the mean. Mutual orthogonality and unit length of the PC vectors, as well as zero sum of the PC weights also impose stabilizing constraints on the retrieval. Capitalizing on the dependencies among aerosol parameters and the mutual orthogonality of PCs, a perturbation-based radiative transfer computation scheme is developed. It uses a few dominant PCs to capture the difference in the radiation fields across an imaged area. The approach is tested using 27 observations acquired by the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) during multiple NASA field campaigns and validated using collocated AERONET observations. In particular, aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, aerosol size, and refractive index are compared with AERONET aerosol reference data. Retrieval uncertainty is formulated by accounting for both instrumental errors and the effects of multiple types of constraints.

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    Remote Sensing
    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Schmidtke, Gerhard; Avakyan, S.V.; Berdermann, J.; Bothmer, V.; +21 Authors

    International audience; At the 10th Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER/COSPAR) symposium held in Moscow in 2014 the achievements from the start of TIGER in 1998 were summarized. During that period, great progress was made in measuring, understanding, and modeling the highly variable UV-Soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and its effects on the upper atmosphere. However, after more than 50 years of work the radiometric accuracy of SSI observation is still an issue and requires further improvement. Based on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data from the SOLAR/SolACES, and SDO/EVE instruments, we present a combined data set for the spectral range from 16.5 to 105.5 nm covering a period of 3.5 years from 2011 through mid of 2014. This data set is used in ionospheric modeling of the global total electron content (TEC), and in validating EUV SSI modeling. For further investigations the period of 3.5 years is being extended to about 12 years by including data from SOHO/SEM and TIMED/SEE instruments. Similarly, UV data are used in modeling activities. After summarizing the results, concepts are proposed for future real-time SSI measurements with in-flight calibration as experienced with the ISS SOLAR payload, for the development of a space weather camera for observing and investigating space weather phenomena in real-time, and for providing data sets for SSI and climate modeling. Other planned topics are the investigation of the relationship between solar EUV/UV and visible/near-infrared emissions, the impact of X-rays on the upper atmosphere, the development of solar EUV/UV indices for different applications, and establishing a shared TIGER data system for EUV/UV SSI data distribution and real-time streaming, also taking into account the achievements of the FP7 SOLID (First European SOLar Irradiance Data Exploitation) project. - For further progress it is imperative that coordinating activities in this special field of solar-terrestrial relations and solar physics is emphasized.

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    Advances in Space Research
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    Advances in Space Research; DLR publication server
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Other literature type . 2015
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    Authors: Kelsey, Rick G.; González-Hernández, M. P.; Karchesy, Joe; Veluthoor, Sheeba;

    International audience; Key message Leyland cypress, an intergeneric hybrid, produces the same volatile heartwood compounds as its parental taxa, yellow-cedar and Monterrey cypress. However, the proportion of total sesquiterpenes and some of the individual components appear unique to their respective heartwoods.ContextLeyland cypress, xHesperotropsis leylandii is an intergeneric hybrid between yellow-cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis, and Monterey cypress, Hesperocyparis macrocarpa. Their heartwoods are protected by bioactive compounds and rated very durable to durable for products used above ground. Several compounds in yellow-cedar and Monterrey cypress heartwoods are also active against various fungi, bacteria, human insect pests, and plant pathogens, whereas Leyland cypress heartwood has never been thoroughly investigated.AimsThe first aim for this study was to examine the volatile compounds in ethyl acetate extracts from the heartwood of all three tree species in Oregon. The second aim was to determine the extent Leyland cypress differs from its parental species, and further investigate any of its novel compounds for biological activity.MethodsEthyl acetate extracts of fresh heartwood were prepared for three trees of each species and analyzed by gas chromatography.ResultsThirty-three compounds were detected at 0.5 % or greater abundance across all species, and 23 were identified. Carvacrol was the major monoterpene and nootkatin the most abundant tropolone in all three species. Valencene 11, 12-diol and nootkatone topped the list of sesquiterpenes in yellow-cedar and Leyland cypress, respectively, whereas no sesquiterpenes were detected in Monterrey cypress. This appears to be the first report of tropolones hinokitiol, procerin, and nootkatin in Leyland cypress, α-thujaplicinol, pygmaein, and procerin in Monterrey cypress, and hinokitiol in yellow-cedar.ConclusionsLeyland cypress heartwood does not biosynthesize structurally unique compounds from those produced by its parental species, and is an unlikely source of novel biocides. However, the proportion of total sesquiterpenes and some of the individual components in Leyland cypress heartwood may distinguish it from the heartwood of its parental species.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Xiao, Jingfeng; Chevallier, Frederic; Gomez, Cecile; Guanter-Palomar, Luis María; +10 Authors

    [EN] Quantifying ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks is essential for better understanding the global carbon cycle and improving projections of the carbon-climate feedbacks. Remote sensing has played a vital role in this endeavor during the last five decades by quantifying carbon fluxes and stocks. The availability of satellite observations of the land surface since the 1970s, particularly the early 1980s, has made it feasible to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks at regional to global scales. Here we provide a review of the advances in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle from the early 1970s to present. First, we present an overview of the terrestrial carbon cycle and remote sensing of carbon fluxes and stocks. Remote sensing data acquired in a broad wavelength range (visible, infrared, and microwave) of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used to estimate carbon fluxes and/or stocks. Second, we provide a historical overview of the key milestones in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Third, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in remote sensing of carbon fluxes. The remote sensing data and techniques used to quantify carbon fluxes include vegetation indices, light use efficiency models, terrestrial biosphere models, data-driven (or machine learning) approaches, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature, and atmospheric inversions. Fourth, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in passive optical, microwave, and lidar remote sensing of biomass carbon stocks as well as remote sensing of soil organic carbon. Fifth, we review the progresses in remote sensing of disturbance impacts on the carbon cycle. Sixth, we also discuss the uncertainty and validation of the resulting carbon flux and stock estimates. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective and insights for future research and directions in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Remote sensing is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in carbon cycling studies in the future. This comprehensive and insightful review on 50?years of remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle is timely and valuable and can benefit scientists in various research communities (e.g., carbon cycle, remote sensing, climate change, ecology) and inform ecosystem and carbon management, carbon-climate projections, and climate policymaking. This study was financially supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (the Carbon Cycle Science Program: NNX14AJ18G; the Climate Indicators and Data Products for Future National Climate Assessments: NNX16AG61G; the Science of Terra and Aqua: NNX14A170G) and National Science Foundation (NSF) (MacroSystems Biology: EF-1638688). The lead author (J. Xiao) would like to thank Dr. David Schimel for helpful discussion. We thank Dr. Xufeng Wang for processing the GIMMS3g NDVI and MODIS EVI data and Dr. Yibo Liu for providing BEPS GPP data. We thank Dr. Steve Running and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on the manuscript.

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  • Authors: Huikyong Cho; Nadia Bouain; Luqing Zheng; Hatem Rouached;

    International audience; Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Importantly, plants require a large amount of P to grow, and P deficiency causes huge losses in plant production. Although this issue can be mitigated by the appropriate use of phosphate (Pi) rock-derived P fertilizers, phosphate rock is a finite natural resource. Moreover, the increased demand for food as a result of our growing global population is another factor contributing to a prospective P crisis. While creating crops that are resilient to Pi deficiency presents great scientific challenge, the current progress in our understanding of how plants regulate Pi homeostasis offers some opportunities for further study. In this review, we present the published research supporting these opportunities, which are based on the molecular mechanisms that plants have evolved to respond to P deficiency. First, we focus on recent advances in P sensing and signaling pathways in the regulation of root system architecture. Next, we describe the mechanisms that regulate Pi transport and accumulation, in a Pi- (or other nutrient) dependent manner. Integrating these data will help to design an innovative strategy for improving Pi nutrition in plants. In addition, this will help with Pi scarcity, one of the challenges facing agriculture in the twenty first century.

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    Authors: David J. Bertioli; Josh Clevenger; Ignácio José de Godoy; H. T. Stalker; +24 Authors

    The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security. Significance A great challenge for humanity is feeding its growing population while minimizing ecosystem damage and climate change. Here, we uncover the global benefits arising from the introduction of one wild species accession to peanut-breeding programs decades ago. This work emphasizes the importance of biodiversity to crop improvement: peanut cultivars with genetics from this wild accession provided improved food security and reduced use of fungicide sprays. However, this study also highlights the perilous consequences of changes in legal frameworks and attitudes concerning biodiversity. These changes have greatly reduced the botanical collections, seed exchanges, and international collaborations which are essential for the continued diversification of crop genetics and, consequently, the long-term resilience of crops against evolving pests and pathogens and changing climate.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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    Authors: Nouri, B.; Kuhn, P.; Wilbert, S.; Hanrieder, N.; +5 Authors

    International audience; Solar irradiance nowcasts can be derived with sky images from all sky imagers (ASI) by detecting and analyzing transient clouds, which are the main contributor of intra-hour solar irradiance variability. The accuracy of ASI based solar irradiance nowcasting systems depends on various processing steps. Two vital steps are the cloud height detection and cloud tracking. This task is challenging, due to the atmospheric conditions that are often complex, including various cloud layers moving in different directions simultaneously.This challenge is addressed by detecting and tracking individual clouds. For this, we developed two distinct ASI nowcasting approaches with four or two cameras and a third hybridized approach. These three systems create individual 3-D cloud models with unique attributes including height, position, size, optical properties and motion. This enables us to describe complex multi-layer conditions.In this paper, derived cloud height and motion vectors are compared with a reference ceilometer (height) and shadow camera system (motion) over a 30 day validation period. The validation data set includes a wide range of cloud heights, cloud motion patterns and atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, limitations of ASI based nowcasting systems due to image resolution and image perspective constrains are discussed.The most promising system is found to be the hybridized approach. This approach uses four ASIs and a voxel carving based cloud modeling combined with a cloud segmentation independent stereoscopic cloud height and tracking detection. We observed for this approach an overall mean absolute error of 648 m for the height, 1.3 m/s for the cloud speed and 16.2° for the motion direction.

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    Solar Energy
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    Solar Energy
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Article . 2019
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      Solar Energy
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    Authors: Nima Pahlevan; Sandeep K. Chittimalli; Sundarabalan V. Balasubramanian; Vincenzo Vellucci;

    International audience; Sentinel-2 and Landsat data products when combined open opportunities for capturing the dynamics of nearshore coastal and inland waters at rates that have never been possible before. Recognizing the differences in their spectral and spatial sampling, to generate a seamless data record for global water quality monitoring, it is critical to quantify how well the derived data products agree under various atmospheric and aquatic conditions. This study provides an extensive quantitative assessment of how Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B equivalent data products compare and discusses implications on differences in downstream products generated via the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS). These products include the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance (ρ t), the remote-sensing reflectance (R rs), as well as biogeochemical properties, such as the total suspended solids (TSS). The analyses are conducted a) for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B near-simultaneous nadir overpasses (n-SNO) and b) over several highly turbid/eutrophic inland/nearshore waters. Following the implementation of vicarious gains for Sentinel-2A, the n-SNO analyses indicated that Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A agree within ± 1% in ρ t and ± 5% in R rs products across the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands. Similar evaluations with preliminary vicarious gains for Sentinel-2B showed ± 2% in ρ t and ± 7% in R rs products. Considering Landsat-8-derived R rs products as a reference, we found < 5% difference in Sentinel-2A and-2B R rs products. Analyses of combined TSS and R rs time-series products over several aquatic systems further corroborated these results and demonstrated the remarkable value of combined products. Occasional negative retrievals of R rs products over hypereutrophic and highly turbid waters suggest the need for improvements in the atmospheric correction procedure to empower science/application community to fully explore Landsat-Sentinel-2 products. With very similar absolute radiometric observations and products, the science community should consider developments of suitable biogeochemical algorithms to maximize the utility of merged Landsat-Sentinel-2 products.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
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    Authors: Muriel Gros‐Balthazard; Vincent Battesti; Jonathan M. Flowers; Sylvie Ferrand; +7 Authors

    International audience; Understanding how farmers name and categorize their crops in relation to the way they propagate them is critical for a proper assessment of agrobiodiversity. Yet, indigenous knowledge is often overlooked in genetic studies which may result in an underestimation of crop diversity preventing its conservation and mobilization for developing sustainable agrosystem.Here, we study the status of the barnī date palm, the local elite variety of the oasis of al-‘Ulā, Saudi Arabia. We conducted an ethnobotanical survey on local phoeniculture practices and generated whole-genome data to determine whether or not barnī palms are exclusively clonally propagated. Further, we contrasted the genomes of barnī and two other palms from al-‘Ulā with 112 Phoenix spp. to provide a first insight into the origin of date palm diversity in this millennia-old oasis.Results show that behind the name barnī lies a single clone line, a true-to-type cultivar, indicating clonal propagation by offshoots with name maintenance even between distinct cultivating situations in al-Ulā and a nearby oasis. Nonetheless, it is distinct from the prominent barnī cultivated in Oman. Its ancestry is comparable to other West Asian date palms but we found that the ancestry of another palm from this oasis shows influence from North African date palm.What lies behind the cultivar name barnī in al-‘Ulā and further afield in the Arabian Peninsula has been deciphered through the key disciplinary combination of social anthropology and genetics. Future studies will provide additional insights into the original genetic make-up of this oasis.; Pour évaluer correctement l’agrobiodiversité, il est essentiel de comprendre comment les agriculteurs nomment et classent leurs cultures, notamment au regard de leurs méthodes de multiplication. Pourtant, les savoirs locaux sont souvent négligés dans les études génétiques, ce qui peut entraîner une sous-estimation de la diversité des cultures et entraver sa conservation et sa mobilisation pour le développement d’agrosystèmes durables.Ici, nous étudions le statut du palmier dattier barnī, la variété élite locale de l’oasis d’al-’Ulā, en Arabie saoudite. Nous avons mené une enquête ethnobotanique sur les pratiques phœnicicoles locales et généré des données sur le génome entier afin de déterminer si les palmiers barnī sont ou non exclusivement propagés de manière clonale. En outre, nous avons comparé les génomes du barnī et de deux autres palmiers d’al-’Ulā avec 112 Phoenix spp. afin de fournir un premier aperçu de l’origine de la diversité des palmiers dattiers dans cette oasis millénaire.Les résultats montrent que derrière le nom barnī se cache une seule lignée clonale, un cultivar vrai, indiquant une propagation clonale par rejets avec maintien du nom même entre des contextes de culture bien distincts à al-Ulā ou dans une oasis voisine. Néanmoins, ce cultivar est distinct du barnī très répandu à Oman. Son ascendance est comparable à celle d’autres palmiers dattiers d’Asie occidentale, mais nous avons constaté que l’ascendance d’un autre palmier de cette oasis montre une influence des palmiers dattiers d’Afrique du Nord.Ce qui se cache derrière le nom du cultivar barnī à al-’Ulā et plus loin dans la péninsule arabique a été déchiffré grâce à la combinaison de disciplines-clés que sont l’anthropologie sociale et la génétique. De futures recherches permettront de mieux comprendre la composition génétique originale de cette oasis.

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    Plants, People, Planet
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Plants, People, Planet
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    Authors: J.-C. Lee; Matteo Massironi; Wing-Huen Ip; Lorenza Giacomini; +48 Authors

    International audience; In 2015 May, the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko became visible by the OSIRIS cameras on-board the Rosetta spacecraft. The resolution was high enough to carry out a detailed analysis of the surface morphology, which is quite different from the Northern hemisphere. Previous works show that fine particle deposits are the most extensive geological unit in the Northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Southern hemisphere is dominated by outcropping consolidated terrain. In this work, we provide geomorphological maps of the Southern hemisphere with the distinction of both geological units and linear features. The geomorphological maps described in this study allow us to gain a better understanding of the processes shaping the comet nucleus and the distribution of primary structures such as fractures and strata.

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    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . 2016
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    Authors: Doubovik, Oleg, Dubovik; Xu, Feng; Diner, David; Dubovik, Oleg; +1 Authors

    International audience; Aerosol retrieval algorithms used in conjunction with remote sensing are subject to ill-posedness. To mitigate non-uniqueness, extra constraints (in addition to observations) are valuable for stabilizing the inversion process. This paper focuses on the imposition of an empirical correlation constraint on the retrieved aerosol parameters. This constraint reflects the empirical dependency between different aerosol parameters, thereby reducing the number of degrees of freedom and enabling accelerated computation of the radiation fields associated with neighboring pixels. A cross-pixel constraint that capitalizes on the smooth spatial variations of aerosol properties was built into the original multi-pixel inversion approach. Here, the spatial smoothness condition is imposed on principal components (PCs) of the aerosol model, and on the corresponding PC weights, where the PCs are used to characterize departures from the mean. Mutual orthogonality and unit length of the PC vectors, as well as zero sum of the PC weights also impose stabilizing constraints on the retrieval. Capitalizing on the dependencies among aerosol parameters and the mutual orthogonality of PCs, a perturbation-based radiative transfer computation scheme is developed. It uses a few dominant PCs to capture the difference in the radiation fields across an imaged area. The approach is tested using 27 observations acquired by the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) during multiple NASA field campaigns and validated using collocated AERONET observations. In particular, aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, aerosol size, and refractive index are compared with AERONET aerosol reference data. Retrieval uncertainty is formulated by accounting for both instrumental errors and the effects of multiple types of constraints.

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    Remote Sensing
    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Schmidtke, Gerhard; Avakyan, S.V.; Berdermann, J.; Bothmer, V.; +21 Authors

    International audience; At the 10th Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER/COSPAR) symposium held in Moscow in 2014 the achievements from the start of TIGER in 1998 were summarized. During that period, great progress was made in measuring, understanding, and modeling the highly variable UV-Soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and its effects on the upper atmosphere. However, after more than 50 years of work the radiometric accuracy of SSI observation is still an issue and requires further improvement. Based on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data from the SOLAR/SolACES, and SDO/EVE instruments, we present a combined data set for the spectral range from 16.5 to 105.5 nm covering a period of 3.5 years from 2011 through mid of 2014. This data set is used in ionospheric modeling of the global total electron content (TEC), and in validating EUV SSI modeling. For further investigations the period of 3.5 years is being extended to about 12 years by including data from SOHO/SEM and TIMED/SEE instruments. Similarly, UV data are used in modeling activities. After summarizing the results, concepts are proposed for future real-time SSI measurements with in-flight calibration as experienced with the ISS SOLAR payload, for the development of a space weather camera for observing and investigating space weather phenomena in real-time, and for providing data sets for SSI and climate modeling. Other planned topics are the investigation of the relationship between solar EUV/UV and visible/near-infrared emissions, the impact of X-rays on the upper atmosphere, the development of solar EUV/UV indices for different applications, and establishing a shared TIGER data system for EUV/UV SSI data distribution and real-time streaming, also taking into account the achievements of the FP7 SOLID (First European SOLar Irradiance Data Exploitation) project. - For further progress it is imperative that coordinating activities in this special field of solar-terrestrial relations and solar physics is emphasized.

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    Advances in Space Research
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    Advances in Space Research; DLR publication server
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Other literature type . 2015
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    Authors: Kelsey, Rick G.; González-Hernández, M. P.; Karchesy, Joe; Veluthoor, Sheeba;

    International audience; Key message Leyland cypress, an intergeneric hybrid, produces the same volatile heartwood compounds as its parental taxa, yellow-cedar and Monterrey cypress. However, the proportion of total sesquiterpenes and some of the individual components appear unique to their respective heartwoods.ContextLeyland cypress, xHesperotropsis leylandii is an intergeneric hybrid between yellow-cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis, and Monterey cypress, Hesperocyparis macrocarpa. Their heartwoods are protected by bioactive compounds and rated very durable to durable for products used above ground. Several compounds in yellow-cedar and Monterrey cypress heartwoods are also active against various fungi, bacteria, human insect pests, and plant pathogens, whereas Leyland cypress heartwood has never been thoroughly investigated.AimsThe first aim for this study was to examine the volatile compounds in ethyl acetate extracts from the heartwood of all three tree species in Oregon. The second aim was to determine the extent Leyland cypress differs from its parental species, and further investigate any of its novel compounds for biological activity.MethodsEthyl acetate extracts of fresh heartwood were prepared for three trees of each species and analyzed by gas chromatography.ResultsThirty-three compounds were detected at 0.5 % or greater abundance across all species, and 23 were identified. Carvacrol was the major monoterpene and nootkatin the most abundant tropolone in all three species. Valencene 11, 12-diol and nootkatone topped the list of sesquiterpenes in yellow-cedar and Leyland cypress, respectively, whereas no sesquiterpenes were detected in Monterrey cypress. This appears to be the first report of tropolones hinokitiol, procerin, and nootkatin in Leyland cypress, α-thujaplicinol, pygmaein, and procerin in Monterrey cypress, and hinokitiol in yellow-cedar.ConclusionsLeyland cypress heartwood does not biosynthesize structurally unique compounds from those produced by its parental species, and is an unlikely source of novel biocides. However, the proportion of total sesquiterpenes and some of the individual components in Leyland cypress heartwood may distinguish it from the heartwood of its parental species.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Forest Science
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    Authors: Xiao, Jingfeng; Chevallier, Frederic; Gomez, Cecile; Guanter-Palomar, Luis María; +10 Authors

    [EN] Quantifying ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks is essential for better understanding the global carbon cycle and improving projections of the carbon-climate feedbacks. Remote sensing has played a vital role in this endeavor during the last five decades by quantifying carbon fluxes and stocks. The availability of satellite observations of the land surface since the 1970s, particularly the early 1980s, has made it feasible to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks at regional to global scales. Here we provide a review of the advances in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle from the early 1970s to present. First, we present an overview of the terrestrial carbon cycle and remote sensing of carbon fluxes and stocks. Remote sensing data acquired in a broad wavelength range (visible, infrared, and microwave) of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used to estimate carbon fluxes and/or stocks. Second, we provide a historical overview of the key milestones in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Third, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in remote sensing of carbon fluxes. The remote sensing data and techniques used to quantify carbon fluxes include vegetation indices, light use efficiency models, terrestrial biosphere models, data-driven (or machine learning) approaches, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature, and atmospheric inversions. Fourth, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in passive optical, microwave, and lidar remote sensing of biomass carbon stocks as well as remote sensing of soil organic carbon. Fifth, we review the progresses in remote sensing of disturbance impacts on the carbon cycle. Sixth, we also discuss the uncertainty and validation of the resulting carbon flux and stock estimates. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective and insights for future research and directions in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Remote sensing is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in carbon cycling studies in the future. This comprehensive and insightful review on 50?years of remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle is timely and valuable and can benefit scientists in various research communities (e.g., carbon cycle, remote sensing, climate change, ecology) and inform ecosystem and carbon management, carbon-climate projections, and climate policymaking. This study was financially supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (the Carbon Cycle Science Program: NNX14AJ18G; the Climate Indicators and Data Products for Future National Climate Assessments: NNX16AG61G; the Science of Terra and Aqua: NNX14A170G) and National Science Foundation (NSF) (MacroSystems Biology: EF-1638688). The lead author (J. Xiao) would like to thank Dr. David Schimel for helpful discussion. We thank Dr. Xufeng Wang for processing the GIMMS3g NDVI and MODIS EVI data and Dr. Yibo Liu for providing BEPS GPP data. We thank Dr. Steve Running and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on the manuscript.

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