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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Geoffroy, Laura; Davesne, Anne-Lise; Parent, Fabrice; Sanchette, Frédéric; +3 Authors

    Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a very flexible process to design various objects of original shapes. Previous works highlighted the preparation of new multimaterials composed of an original sandwich structure made of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer containing 30 wt % of aluminum trihydroxide in which a hydrogel phase made of agar and vermiculite was incorporated. This original material revealed an extremely low heat release rate (HRR) (with a reduction of 86 and 64% with regard to the peak of the HRR and total heat release, respectively, when compared to the same sample without hydrogel filling) during its heat exposure at 50 kW/m2 according to the mass loss cone calorimetry test. However, the time to ignition (TTI) of this material was not improved. This work consequently focuses on delaying the time to ignition of this hydrogel sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial. Solution consists in depositing by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering a low-emissivity thin coating on the exposed skin surface. This coating reflects most of the infrared rays responsible for heat absorption and thus delays the ignition of the underlying material. The thermal resistance performances of this coated sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial were evaluated, and a mechanism of action was proposed to explain the dramatic enhancement of the properties.

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    ACS Omega
    Article
    License: Standard ACS AuthorChoice/Editors’ Choice Usage Agreement
    Data sources: Sygma
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    ACS Omega; DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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    Lille Open Archive
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Lille Open Archive
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    Authors: Achache, Sofiane; Sanchette, Frédéric;

    Ta ternary thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) were deposited through the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering of pure metallic targets in a dynamic mode. The effect of tantalum addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior of TFMGs were investigated. Nanoindentation measurements showed that an increase in tantalum content from 0 to 47 at % favored hardness and Young&rsquo s modulus, which rose from 5.8 to 11.23 Gpa and from 90 to 136 Gpa, respectively. XRD analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements highlighted an improvement of thermal stability with the tantalum addition from 377 to 582 ° C when the tantalum content increased from 0 to 31 at %. Cu&ndash Zr&ndash

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Coatingsarrow_drop_down
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    Coatings
    Article . 2020
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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Norbert, Raphaël;

    L’industrie sidérurgique est l’un des secteurs les plus énergivores contribuant à la consommation mondiale d’énergie et de ressources ainsi qu’aux émissions de dioxyde de carbone. Des efforts ont été réalisés pour augmenter l’efficacité des procédés en interne mais le potentiel d’amélioration est de plus en plus limité. Ce travail de recherche porte donc sur la symbiose industrielle comme solution pour faire face aux enjeux environnementaux sur un territoire industriel et pour laquelle les usines sidérurgiques ont un rôle majeur à jouer. Une nouvelle méthodologie et un nouvel outil évaluant dans le temps les impacts économiques et environnementaux de scénarios de symbiose industrielle sur ces sites ont été développés. Basés sur la dynamique des systèmes, ils visent à favoriser l’emploi des symbioses industrielles dans ce contexte industriel en proposant une approche systématique pour évaluer leurs performances.La méthode développée est décrite après l’étude de ses fondements théoriques. Elle est ensuite appliquée à une usine sidérurgique intégrée typique. Un modèle dynamique est ainsi construit et validé sur une période de simulation de deux ans afin de simuler tout scénario de symbiose industrielle impliquant des flux d'énergie et de matières relatifs aux activités sidérurgiques. Un cas concret d'application de symbiose industrielle dans des conditions opérationnelles réelles est enfin proposé et simulé. Il montre la valeur ajoutée de ce travail de recherche qui vient en support des processus de prise de décisions en matière de symbiose industrielle dans le contexte de l’industrie sidérurgique Iron and steel industry is known as one of the most energy-intensive sectors which contribute to worldwide energy and resource consumptions as well as carbon dioxide emissions. Many efforts have been made to increase the efficiency of internal processes but the potential of improvement tends to be more and more limited. This research work is thus focused on industrial symbiosis as a mean to face these environmental stakes on a common industrial territory and for which iron and steel plants have a major role to play. A new methodology and a new tool aiming at evaluating over time economic and environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis scenarios on this kind of industrial sites have been therefore developed. Based on the system dynamics concepts, they further yearn to enhance the deployment of industrial symbioses in the context of iron and steel industry by providing a systematic approach for assessing their performances.The developed method is described after investigating its theoretical foundations. It is then applied to a typically integrated iron and steel plant. A dynamic model is thus built and validated over a two year simulation period enabling to run industrial symbiosis scenarios involving energy and material flows implied throughout iron and steel production activities. An application case of a concrete industrial symbiosis in real operational conditions is finally proposed and simulated. It allows showing the significant added value of this research work in the support of decisions-making processes towards industrial symbiosis in the framework of iron and steel industry

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    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Fyfe, Aileen; Squazzoni, Flaminio; Torny, Didier; Dondio, Pierpaolo;

    This collaboration was supported by the COST Action TD1306 “New Frontiers of Peer Review” (PEERE). The historical research for this paper was supported by the UK Arts & Humanities Research Council, grant AH/K001841, “Publishing the Philosophical Transactions, 1665-2015.” This article examines the evolution of peer review and the modern editorial processes of scholarly journals by analyzing a novel dataset derived from the Royal Society’s archives and covering 1865 to 1965, i.e., the historical period in which refereeing (not yet known as peer review) became firmly established. Our analysis reveals how the Royal Society’s editorial processes coped with both an increasing reliance on refereeing and a growth in submissions, while maintaining collective responsibility and minimizing research waste. By engaging more of its fellows in editorial activity, the society was able to establish an equilibrium of number of submissions per reviewer that was relatively stable over time. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that the distribution of editorial work was significantly uneven. Our findings reveal interesting parallels with current concerns about the scale and distribution of peer-review work and suggest the strategic importance of the management of the editorial process to achieve a creative mix of community commitment and professional responsibility that is essential in contemporary journals. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Arrow@TU Dublin
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    St Andrews Research Repository
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Barchiesi, Dominique; Grosges, Thomas; Kremer, Eric, J.; Lamy de La Chapelle, Marc;

    International audience; The illumination of a dimer metallic nanostructure is known to produce an in- tense source of light, with nanometric size. This con¯nement of light in the gap between the two material structures can induce an increase of the absorption of the electromagnetic energy in the nanaoantenna itself, and therefore its warm-up. The multiphysics problem associated to this photo-thermal e®ect is modeled through a Finite Element Method (FEM). This contribu- tion consists in computing both the electromagnetic ¯eld and the temperature, and discussing the in°uence of the gap, in the case of a bow-tie nanoantenna. The applications could be the development of nanodevices with thermal properties.

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    Other literature type . 2011
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    Authors: Brethes, Gautier; Loseille, Adrien; Alauzet, Frédéric; Dervieux, Alain;

    The proposed communication will address the following question: Find an approximate solution such that the approximation error norm in L2 is less than a prescribed ε. And indeed we are interested by a small complexity in terms of floats. Answering to this assumes that the algorithm involves a mechanism increasing mesh size. No innovation from this side, the outer loop will be a nested iteration with new 2D meshes four times richer (in terms of vertices) than the previous ones. Decision to continue relies on a corrector. For efficiency the nested iteration is combined with a multigrid (MG) resolution, which will be the most inner loop. The MG cycling also stops on an evaluation of the L2 error estimate. In between, the intermediate loop is a mesh adaptation loop. A novel formulation allows looking for the metric parametrization which minimizes the L2 norm of approximation error. This approach relies on the association of an adjoint state, a corrector field, and a local error, the sensitivity of which with respect to the metric is computed. The calculation of a boundary layer with an error of 0.1% is obtained in 10 seconds of adapted FMG, 1000 of FMG. The extension to Euler flows is illustrated with the scramjet flow of second figure (second-order convergence is obtained). Extension to Navier-Stokes is on-going.

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    Hal-Diderot
    Conference object . 2015
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Sperotto, Anna; Doyen, Guillaume; Latré, Steven; Charalambides, Marinos; +3 Authors

    International audience; This article is a report of the IFIP AIMS 2014, which was held at Masaryk University, Czech Republic from June 30 to July 3, 2014. AIMS 2014 focused on the theme “Monitoring and Securing Virtualized Networks and Services”. The focus of the 2014 edition of the AIMS conference series was re-defined in comparison with earlier editions. AIMS 2014 positions itself in the network management community as an educational venue for Ph.D. students and young researchers. The AIMS program included hands-on tutorials and labs, a keynote, technical sessions and Ph.D. Workshop sessions, but also an educational session for training young academics on transversal topics. The highlights on each of the parts of the AIMS 2014 program are summarized in this article.

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Pasquet, Jérôme; Demesticha, Stella; Skarlatos, Dimitrios; Merad, Djamal; +1 Authors

    International audience; In this paper, we propose a method based on pixel prediction to detect objects into a large image. We propose to integrate the Weighted Error Layer (WEL) in a Convolution Neuronal Network (CNN) architecture in order to weight the error during the backpropagation and to reduce the impact of the borders. We estimate the orientation of the objects when the detection step is achieved. Our proposed layer is evaluated on real data in order to detect amphorae on the Mazatos underwater archaeological site.

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    Ktisis
    Conference object . 2017
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      Conference object . 2017
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    Authors: Migeon, Alain; Tixier, Marie-Stéphane; Navajas, Maria; Litskas, Vassilis D.; +1 Authors

    The predator-prey system Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) represents the most studied and the most known system among the Acari. Because of the agronomical importance of the two mite species, a wealth of modelling studies investigated the interactions of the two species at the individual level. However, regional or global level works on this system are lacking, which is impeding the investigation of climate change effects on biological control effectiveness. Here we compile and geo-locate worldwide occurrences for the two species considered, based on literature, collection and field survey data. The datasets presented in this document gather most of the literature records of both species for which locality data were available for geo-referencing (1,037 for T. urticae and 126 for P. persimilis). Geo-located data from collections and field surveys including host-plants are also presented for the first time (322 for T. urticae and 65 for P. persimilis). Phytoseiulus persimilis is also reported for the first time from Kenya and La Martinique. Acarologia, 59, 301-307

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    ZENODO
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    Acarologia
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Acarologia
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Ktisis
    Article . 2019
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    ProdInra
    Article . 2019
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      ZENODO
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      Acarologia
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      Acarologia
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ktisis
      Article . 2019
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      ProdInra
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    Authors: Aysha Karim, Kiani; Derek, Pheby; Gary, Henehan; Richard, Brown; +30 Authors

    Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees’ adoption of the ‘four Rs’ principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 63 No. 2S3 (2022): The secret of Mediterranean food: How “omic” sciences, biochemistry and human physiology can be applied to exploit the secrets of Mediterranean foods

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    Authors: Geoffroy, Laura; Davesne, Anne-Lise; Parent, Fabrice; Sanchette, Frédéric; +3 Authors

    Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a very flexible process to design various objects of original shapes. Previous works highlighted the preparation of new multimaterials composed of an original sandwich structure made of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer containing 30 wt % of aluminum trihydroxide in which a hydrogel phase made of agar and vermiculite was incorporated. This original material revealed an extremely low heat release rate (HRR) (with a reduction of 86 and 64% with regard to the peak of the HRR and total heat release, respectively, when compared to the same sample without hydrogel filling) during its heat exposure at 50 kW/m2 according to the mass loss cone calorimetry test. However, the time to ignition (TTI) of this material was not improved. This work consequently focuses on delaying the time to ignition of this hydrogel sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial. Solution consists in depositing by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering a low-emissivity thin coating on the exposed skin surface. This coating reflects most of the infrared rays responsible for heat absorption and thus delays the ignition of the underlying material. The thermal resistance performances of this coated sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial were evaluated, and a mechanism of action was proposed to explain the dramatic enhancement of the properties.

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    ACS Omega
    Article
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    ACS Omega; DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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    Lille Open Archive
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Achache, Sofiane; Sanchette, Frédéric;

    Ta ternary thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) were deposited through the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering of pure metallic targets in a dynamic mode. The effect of tantalum addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior of TFMGs were investigated. Nanoindentation measurements showed that an increase in tantalum content from 0 to 47 at % favored hardness and Young&rsquo s modulus, which rose from 5.8 to 11.23 Gpa and from 90 to 136 Gpa, respectively. XRD analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements highlighted an improvement of thermal stability with the tantalum addition from 377 to 582 ° C when the tantalum content increased from 0 to 31 at %. Cu&ndash Zr&ndash

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    Coatings
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Norbert, Raphaël;

    L’industrie sidérurgique est l’un des secteurs les plus énergivores contribuant à la consommation mondiale d’énergie et de ressources ainsi qu’aux émissions de dioxyde de carbone. Des efforts ont été réalisés pour augmenter l’efficacité des procédés en interne mais le potentiel d’amélioration est de plus en plus limité. Ce travail de recherche porte donc sur la symbiose industrielle comme solution pour faire face aux enjeux environnementaux sur un territoire industriel et pour laquelle les usines sidérurgiques ont un rôle majeur à jouer. Une nouvelle méthodologie et un nouvel outil évaluant dans le temps les impacts économiques et environnementaux de scénarios de symbiose industrielle sur ces sites ont été développés. Basés sur la dynamique des systèmes, ils visent à favoriser l’emploi des symbioses industrielles dans ce contexte industriel en proposant une approche systématique pour évaluer leurs performances.La méthode développée est décrite après l’étude de ses fondements théoriques. Elle est ensuite appliquée à une usine sidérurgique intégrée typique. Un modèle dynamique est ainsi construit et validé sur une période de simulation de deux ans afin de simuler tout scénario de symbiose industrielle impliquant des flux d'énergie et de matières relatifs aux activités sidérurgiques. Un cas concret d'application de symbiose industrielle dans des conditions opérationnelles réelles est enfin proposé et simulé. Il montre la valeur ajoutée de ce travail de recherche qui vient en support des processus de prise de décisions en matière de symbiose industrielle dans le contexte de l’industrie sidérurgique Iron and steel industry is known as one of the most energy-intensive sectors which contribute to worldwide energy and resource consumptions as well as carbon dioxide emissions. Many efforts have been made to increase the efficiency of internal processes but the potential of improvement tends to be more and more limited. This research work is thus focused on industrial symbiosis as a mean to face these environmental stakes on a common industrial territory and for which iron and steel plants have a major role to play. A new methodology and a new tool aiming at evaluating over time economic and environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis scenarios on this kind of industrial sites have been therefore developed. Based on the system dynamics concepts, they further yearn to enhance the deployment of industrial symbioses in the context of iron and steel industry by providing a systematic approach for assessing their performances.The developed method is described after investigating its theoretical foundations. It is then applied to a typically integrated iron and steel plant. A dynamic model is thus built and validated over a two year simulation period enabling to run industrial symbiosis scenarios involving energy and material flows implied throughout iron and steel production activities. An application case of a concrete industrial symbiosis in real operational conditions is finally proposed and simulated. It allows showing the significant added value of this research work in the support of decisions-making processes towards industrial symbiosis in the framework of iron and steel industry

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    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Fyfe, Aileen; Squazzoni, Flaminio; Torny, Didier; Dondio, Pierpaolo;

    This collaboration was supported by the COST Action TD1306 “New Frontiers of Peer Review” (PEERE). The historical research for this paper was supported by the UK Arts & Humanities Research Council, grant AH/K001841, “Publishing the Philosophical Transactions, 1665-2015.” This article examines the evolution of peer review and the modern editorial processes of scholarly journals by analyzing a novel dataset derived from the Royal Society’s archives and covering 1865 to 1965, i.e., the historical period in which refereeing (not yet known as peer review) became firmly established. Our analysis reveals how the Royal Society’s editorial processes coped with both an increasing reliance on refereeing and a growth in submissions, while maintaining collective responsibility and minimizing research waste. By engaging more of its fellows in editorial activity, the society was able to establish an equilibrium of number of submissions per reviewer that was relatively stable over time. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that the distribution of editorial work was significantly uneven. Our findings reveal interesting parallels with current concerns about the scale and distribution of peer-review work and suggest the strategic importance of the management of the editorial process to achieve a creative mix of community commitment and professional responsibility that is essential in contemporary journals. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Arrow@TU Dublin
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    St Andrews Research Repository
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Barchiesi, Dominique; Grosges, Thomas; Kremer, Eric, J.; Lamy de La Chapelle, Marc;

    International audience; The illumination of a dimer metallic nanostructure is known to produce an in- tense source of light, with nanometric size. This con¯nement of light in the gap between the two material structures can induce an increase of the absorption of the electromagnetic energy in the nanaoantenna itself, and therefore its warm-up. The multiphysics problem associated to this photo-thermal e®ect is modeled through a Finite Element Method (FEM). This contribu- tion consists in computing both the electromagnetic ¯eld and the temperature, and discussing the in°uence of the gap, in the case of a bow-tie nanoantenna. The applications could be the development of nanodevices with thermal properties.

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    Authors: Brethes, Gautier; Loseille, Adrien; Alauzet, Frédéric; Dervieux, Alain;

    The proposed communication will address the following question: Find an approximate solution such that the approximation error norm in L2 is less than a prescribed ε. And indeed we are interested by a small complexity in terms of floats. Answering to this assumes that the algorithm involves a mechanism increasing mesh size. No innovation from this side, the outer loop will be a nested iteration with new 2D meshes four times richer (in terms of vertices) than the previous ones. Decision to continue relies on a corrector. For efficiency the nested iteration is combined with a multigrid (MG) resolution, which will be the most inner loop. The MG cycling also stops on an evaluation of the L2 error estimate. In between, the intermediate loop is a mesh adaptation loop. A novel formulation allows looking for the metric parametrization which minimizes the L2 norm of approximation error. This approach relies on the association of an adjoint state, a corrector field, and a local error, the sensitivity of which with respect to the metric is computed. The calculation of a boundary layer with an error of 0.1% is obtained in 10 seconds of adapted FMG, 1000 of FMG. The extension to Euler flows is illustrated with the scramjet flow of second figure (second-order convergence is obtained). Extension to Navier-Stokes is on-going.

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    Hal-Diderot
    Conference object . 2015
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    Authors: Sperotto, Anna; Doyen, Guillaume; Latré, Steven; Charalambides, Marinos; +3 Authors

    International audience; This article is a report of the IFIP AIMS 2014, which was held at Masaryk University, Czech Republic from June 30 to July 3, 2014. AIMS 2014 focused on the theme “Monitoring and Securing Virtualized Networks and Services”. The focus of the 2014 edition of the AIMS conference series was re-defined in comparison with earlier editions. AIMS 2014 positions itself in the network management community as an educational venue for Ph.D. students and young researchers. The AIMS program included hands-on tutorials and labs, a keynote, technical sessions and Ph.D. Workshop sessions, but also an educational session for training young academics on transversal topics. The highlights on each of the parts of the AIMS 2014 program are summarized in this article.

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Pasquet, Jérôme; Demesticha, Stella; Skarlatos, Dimitrios; Merad, Djamal; +1 Authors

    International audience; In this paper, we propose a method based on pixel prediction to detect objects into a large image. We propose to integrate the Weighted Error Layer (WEL) in a Convolution Neuronal Network (CNN) architecture in order to weight the error during the backpropagation and to reduce the impact of the borders. We estimate the orientation of the objects when the detection step is achieved. Our proposed layer is evaluated on real data in order to detect amphorae on the Mazatos underwater archaeological site.

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    Ktisis
    Conference object . 2017
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      Ktisis
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    Authors: Migeon, Alain; Tixier, Marie-Stéphane; Navajas, Maria; Litskas, Vassilis D.; +1 Authors

    The predator-prey system Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) represents the most studied and the most known system among the Acari. Because of the agronomical importance of the two mite species, a wealth of modelling studies investigated the interactions of the two species at the individual level. However, regional or global level works on this system are lacking, which is impeding the investigation of climate change effects on biological control effectiveness. Here we compile and geo-locate worldwide occurrences for the two species considered, based on literature, collection and field survey data. The datasets presented in this document gather most of the literature records of both species for which locality data were available for geo-referencing (1,037 for T. urticae and 126 for P. persimilis). Geo-located data from collections and field surveys including host-plants are also presented for the first time (322 for T. urticae and 65 for P. persimilis). Phytoseiulus persimilis is also reported for the first time from Kenya and La Martinique. Acarologia, 59, 301-307

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    ZENODO
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
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    Acarologia
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Acarologia
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Ktisis
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: Ktisis
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    ProdInra
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ProdInra
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      ZENODO
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      Acarologia
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      Data sources: UnpayWall
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      Acarologia
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Ktisis
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: Ktisis
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      ProdInra
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Aysha Karim, Kiani; Derek, Pheby; Gary, Henehan; Richard, Brown; +30 Authors

    Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees’ adoption of the ‘four Rs’ principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 63 No. 2S3 (2022): The secret of Mediterranean food: How “omic” sciences, biochemistry and human physiology can be applied to exploit the secrets of Mediterranean foods

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