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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary;

    We present examples and statistical analysis of the events with statistically significant correlation between the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the VHF coherent echo intensity in the area monitored simultaneously by an imaging riometer and two oblique-sounding coherent VHF radars in Northern Scandinavia. By only considering the observations from the narrow riometer beams comparable (in terms of the intersection with the ionosphere) with the VHF radar cells, we identify ~200 one-hour high correlation periods (HCPs) for 2 years near the solar cycle maximum, 2000–2001. The HCP occurrence is maximized in the afternoon (12:00–17:00&nbsp;UT, MLT≅UT+3), with the secondary peak near the midnight (21:00–02:00&nbsp;UT). Relative to the VHF echo occurrence, HCPs occur more frequently from 11:00 to 20:00&nbsp;UT. The diurnal variation of HCP occurrence is similar to that of the 1-h intervals with the lowest mean absorption <i>A</i>&lt;0.25dB. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The HCPs are observed more frequently during the winter months, which, combined with the fact that VHF echoes observed during HCPs exhibit features typical for field-aligned E-region irregularities, makes their association with the polar mesospheric echoes (for which some positive CNA/SNR correlation has been reported in the past) very unlikely. Instead, we attribute the high positive CNA/SNR correlation to the synchronous, to a first approximation, variation of the particle fluxes for two different but close sets of energies. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> By considering the dependence of the CNA/SNR correlation coefficients for both VHF radars (<i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>) upon the correlation between SNRs for two radars (<i>C<sub>12</sub></i>), we show that both coefficients, <i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>, and the agreement between them decrease drastically with a <i>C<sub>12</sub></i> decrease, which we interpreted through the progressively increasing role of the spatial inhomogeneity of the processes leading to the enhanced CNA and SNR. In this situation, a similarity between the radio signal collection areas should become important, and we demonstrate that the HCP occurrence and mean correlation coefficient decrease as the riometer beams and radar cells become less comparable in terms of mutual orientation and closeness between the points of maximum sensitivity. <p> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Particle precipitation; Instruments and techniques)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Annales Geophysicae
    Article
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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2005
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2005
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2005
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Annales Geophysicae
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      Other literature type . 2005
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
      Other literature type . 2018
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2005
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2005
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Langford, B.; Davison, B.; Nemitz, E.; Hewitt, C. N.;

    Mixing ratios and fluxes of six selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured above the city of Manchester (UK) during the summer of 2006. A proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer was used for the measurement of mixing ratios, and fluxes were calculated from these using both the disjunct and the virtual disjunct eddy covariance techniques. The two flux systems, which operated in alternate half hours, showed good agreement, with <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> values ranging between 0.74 and 0.9 for the individual analytes. On average, fluxes measured in the disjunct mode were approximately 20% lower than those measured in the virtual mode. This difference is due to both the dampening of the VOC signal by the disjunct flux sampler and carry over from one sample to the next. Correcting for these effects reduced the difference to less than 7%. Observed fluxes are thought to be largely controlled by anthropogenic sources, with vehicle emissions the major contributor. However, both evaporative and biogenic emissions may account for some of the VOCs present. Concentrations and fluxes of the oxygenated compounds were highest on average, ranging between 0.15 to 1 mg m<sup>&minus;2</sup> h<sup>&minus;1</sup>; the fluxes of aromatic compounds were lower, between 0.12 to 0.28 mg m<sup>&minus;2</sup> h<sup>&minus;1</sup>. The observed fluxes were up-scaled to give city wide emission estimates for each compound and the results compared to estimates made by the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) for the same flux footprint. Fluxes of toluene and benzene compared most closely differing by approximately 50%, while in contrast the oxygenated fluxes were found to be between 3.6–6.3 times larger than the annual average predicted by the NAEI.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 2008
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2008
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
    Article . Preprint
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8...
    Preprint . 2008
    License: CC BY
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2009
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 2008
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      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Other literature type . 2008
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
      Article . Preprint
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8...
      Preprint . 2008
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      Article . 2009
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: T. Johansson; S. Figueiredo; T. Karlsson; G. Marklund; +4 Authors

    Cluster electric field, magnetic field, and energetic electron data are analyzed for two events of intense auroral electric field variations, both encountered in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer (PSBL), in the evening local time sector, and at approximately 5<i>R<sub>E</sub></i> geocentric distance. The most intense electric fields (peaking at 450 and 1600mV/m, respectively) were found to be quasi-static, unipolar, relatively stable on the time scale of at least half a minute, and associated with moving downward FAC sheets (peaking at ~10&mu;A/m<sup>2</sup>), downward Poynting flux (peaking at ~35mW/m<sup>2</sup>), and upward electron beams with characteristic energies consistent with the perpendicular potentials (all values being mapped to 1<i>R<sub>E</sub></i> geocentric distance). For these two events in the return current region, quasi-static electric field structures and associated FACs were found to dominate the upward acceleration of electrons, as well as the energy transport between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, although Alfv&#233;n waves clearly also contributed to these processes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annales Geophysicaearrow_drop_down
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2004
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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article
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    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 2004
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2004
    DOAJ
    Article . 2004
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annales Geophysicaearrow_drop_down
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2004
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 2004
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . 2004
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    Authors: C. F. del Pozo; C. F. del Pozo; C. F. del Pozo; M. J. Kosch; +1 Authors

    Data from simultaneous observations (on 13 February 1996, 9 November 1998, and 12 February 1999) with the IRIS, DASI and EISCAT systems are employed in the study of the energy distribution of the electron precipitation during substorm activity. The estimation of the characteristic energy of the electron precipitation over the common field of view of IRIS and DASI is discussed. In particular, we look closely at the physical basis of the correspondence between the characteristic energy, the flux-averaged energy, as defined below, and the logarithm of the ratio of the green-light intensity to the square of absorption. This study expands and corrects results presented in the paper by Kosch et al. (2001). It is noticed, moreover, that acceleration associated with diffusion processes in the magnetosphere long before precipitation may be controlling the shape of the energy spectrum. We propose and test a &quot;mixed&quot; distribution for the energy-flux spectrum, exponential at the lower energies and Maxwellian or modified power-law at the higher energies, with a threshold energy separating these two regimes. The energy-flux spectrum at Tromsø, in the 1–320 keV range, is derived from EISCAT electron density profiles in the 70–140 km altitude range and is applied in the &quot;calibration&quot; of the optical intensity and absorption distributions, in order to extrapolate the flux and characteristic energy maps.<br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation; particle acceleration)

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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Altadill, D.; Apostolov, E. M.; Jacobi, Ch.; Mitchell, N. J.;

    Analyses of time-spatial variations of critical plasma frequency <i>f</i>oF2 during the summer of 1998 reveal the existence of an oscillation activity with attributes of a 6-day westward propagating wave. This event manifests itself as a global scale wave in the <i>f</i>oF2 of the Northern Hemisphere, having a zonal wave number 2. This event coincides with a 6-day oscillation activity in the meridional neutral winds of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT). The oscillation in neutral winds seems to be linked to the 6–7-day global scale unstable mode westward propagating wave number 1 in the MLT. The forcing mechanisms of the 6-day wave event in the ionosphere from the wave activity in the MLT are discussed.<br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (Ionosphere-Atmosphere interactions; Mid-latitude Ionosphere) – Meterology and atmospheric dynamics (waves and tides)

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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary; A. V. Koustov;

    Abstract. Data collected by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar are used to illustrate the significant difference between the cosine component of the plasma convection in the F-region and the Doppler velocity of the E-region coherent echoes observed at large flow angles. We show that the E-region velocity is ~5 times smaller in magnitude and rotated by ~30° clockwise with respect to convection in the F-region. Also, measurements at flow angles larger than 90° exhibit a completely new feature: Doppler velocity increase with the expected aspect angle and spatial anticorrelation with the backscatter power. By considering DMSP drift-meter measurements we argue that the difference between F- and E-region velocities cannot be interpreted in terms of the convection change with latitude. The observed features in the velocity of the E-region echoes can be explained by taking into account the ion drift contribution to the irregularity phase velocity as predicted by the linear fluid theory. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities; plasma convection)

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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2004
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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2004
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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    Authors: Peet, E.; Rudakov, V.; Yushkov, V.; Redaelli, G.; +1 Authors

    Abstract. In-situ measurements of ozone and water vapour, in the Antarctic lower stratosphere, were made as part of the APE-GAIA mission in September and October 1999. The measurements show a distinct difference above and below the 415K isentrope. Above 415K, the chemically perturbed region of low ozone and water vapour is clearly evident. Below 415K, but still above the tropopause, no sharp meridional gradients in ozone and water vapour were observed. The observations are consistent with analyses of potential vorticity from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, which show smaller radial gradients at 380K than at 450K potential temperature. Ozone loss in the chemically perturbed region above 415K averages 5ppbv per day for mid-September to mid-October. Apparent ozone loss rates in the sub-vortex region are greater, at 7ppbv per day. The data support, therefore, the existence of a sub-vortex region in which meridional transport is more efficient than in the vortex above. The low ozone mixing ratios in the sub-vortex region may be due to in-situ chemical destruction of ozone or transport of ozone-poor air out of the bottom of the vortex. The aircraft data we use cannot distinguish between these two processes. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics polar meteorology) – Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere–composition and chemistry)

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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2004
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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ashrafi, M.; Kosch, M. J.; Honary, F.;

    Abstract. Energy maps are important for ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling studies, because quantitative determination of field-aligned currents requires knowledge of the conductances and their spatial gradients. By combining imaging riometer absorption and all-sky auroral optical data it is possible to produce high temporal and spatial resolution maps of the Maxwellian characteristic energy of precipitating electrons within a 240240 common field of view. These data have been calibrated by inverting EISCAT electron density profiles into equivalent energy spectra. In this paper energy maps produced by ground-based instruments (optical and riometer) are compared with DMSP satellite data during geomagnetic conjunctions. For the period 1995-2002, twelve satellite passes over the ground-based instruments' field of view for the cloud-free conditions have been considered. Four of the satellite conjunctions occurred during moderate geomagnetic, steady-state conditions and without any ion precipitation. In these cases with Maxwellian satellite spectra, there is 71% agreement between the characteristic energies derived from the satellite and the ground-based energy map method.

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: M. Sugino; M. Sugino; M. Sugino; R. Fujii; +5 Authors

    Attempting to derive the field-aligned current (FAC) density using the EISCAT radar and to understand the role of the ionosphere on closing FACs, we conducted special radar experiments with the EISCAT radar on 9 October 1999. In order to derive the gradient of the ionospheric conductivity (grad <font face="Symbol">S</font>) and the divergence of the electric field (div <b><i>E</i></b>) nearly simultaneously, a special experiment employed an EISCAT radar mode which let the transmitting antenna sequentially point to four directions within 10 min; two pairs of the four directions formed two orthogonal diagonals of a square.&nbsp;</p> <p style="line-height: 20px;">Our analysis of the EISCAT radar data disclosed that <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> div <b><i>E</i></b> and <b><i>E</i></b> · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> produced FACs with the same direction inside a stable broad arc around 05:00 MLT, when the EISCAT radar presumably crossed the boundary between the large-scale upward and downward current regions. In the most successfully observed case, in which the conductances and the electric field were spatially varying with little temporal variations, the contribution of <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> div <b><i>E</i></b> was nearly twice as large as that of <b><i>E</i></b> · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> . On the other hand, the contribution of (<b><i>b × E</i></b>) · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>H</sub> was small and not effective in closing FACs. The present EISCAT radar mode along with auroral images also enables us to focus on the temporal or spatial variation of high electric fields associated with auroral arcs. In the present experiment, the electric field associated with a stable arc was confined in a spatially restricted region, within ~ 100 km from the arc, with no distinct depletion of electron density. We also detected a region of the high arc-associated electric field, accompanied by the depletion of electron density above 110 km. Using auroral images, this region was identified as a dark spot with a spatial scale of over 150 × 150 km. The dark spot and the electron depletion were likely in existence for a limited time of a few minutes.</font><br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; particle precipitation)

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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary; A. V. Koustov; M. V. Uspensky; +1 Authors

    The meridional motions of the CUTLASS HF and STARE VHF coherent echoes, IMAGE equivalent electrojet currents, and IRIS absorption patches during the postnoon/early-evening event of 14 February 2000 are presented. The motions were found to be synchronous, to a first approximation, for all instruments. The temporal correlation between motions in the radar and magnetometer data was exceptionally good, although spatially the areas with the E-region backscatter and most intense equivalent currents were not coincident, with the HF (VHF) echoes being shifted 100–200km (20–50km) equatorward (poleward). The meridional motions of the radar echoes and electrojet currents appeared to be controlled by the IMF <i>B<sub>z</sub></i> changes; the meridional propagation direction was equatorward (poleward) during the intervals when the IMF was southward (northward), with one exception when the poleward progression continued after the IMF southward turning. We relate the observed meridional motion patterns to the polar cap expansion/contraction during variable IMF conditions and discuss the relative importance of two types of processes: the dayside reconnection and IMF-triggered substorms. We also investigate the irregularity Doppler velocity for the STARE (144MHz) and CUTLASS (12MHz) observations at large flow angles in the context of the eastward and westward electrojet systems. We show that the 144-MHz Doppler velocity is determined by a combination of two factors: the sense of electrojet currents and the aspect angle conditions within the STARE field of view. Finally, the behavior of small dayside enhancements of the IRIS absorption (up to 0.5dB at 38.2MHz) accompanying the radar echoes and electrojet currents is examined. Since the velocity of the meridional displacements was close to that of the poleward/equatorward progressing intense currents, it is suggested that the absorption patches observed during the event were related to the heating of the E-region plasma by the unstable plasma waves in the regions of enhanced electric fields.<br><br> <b>Key words.</b> Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; plasma convection)

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annales Geophysicae;...arrow_drop_down
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary;

    We present examples and statistical analysis of the events with statistically significant correlation between the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the VHF coherent echo intensity in the area monitored simultaneously by an imaging riometer and two oblique-sounding coherent VHF radars in Northern Scandinavia. By only considering the observations from the narrow riometer beams comparable (in terms of the intersection with the ionosphere) with the VHF radar cells, we identify ~200 one-hour high correlation periods (HCPs) for 2 years near the solar cycle maximum, 2000–2001. The HCP occurrence is maximized in the afternoon (12:00–17:00&nbsp;UT, MLT≅UT+3), with the secondary peak near the midnight (21:00–02:00&nbsp;UT). Relative to the VHF echo occurrence, HCPs occur more frequently from 11:00 to 20:00&nbsp;UT. The diurnal variation of HCP occurrence is similar to that of the 1-h intervals with the lowest mean absorption <i>A</i>&lt;0.25dB. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The HCPs are observed more frequently during the winter months, which, combined with the fact that VHF echoes observed during HCPs exhibit features typical for field-aligned E-region irregularities, makes their association with the polar mesospheric echoes (for which some positive CNA/SNR correlation has been reported in the past) very unlikely. Instead, we attribute the high positive CNA/SNR correlation to the synchronous, to a first approximation, variation of the particle fluxes for two different but close sets of energies. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> By considering the dependence of the CNA/SNR correlation coefficients for both VHF radars (<i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>) upon the correlation between SNRs for two radars (<i>C<sub>12</sub></i>), we show that both coefficients, <i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>, and the agreement between them decrease drastically with a <i>C<sub>12</sub></i> decrease, which we interpreted through the progressively increasing role of the spatial inhomogeneity of the processes leading to the enhanced CNA and SNR. In this situation, a similarity between the radio signal collection areas should become important, and we demonstrate that the HCP occurrence and mean correlation coefficient decrease as the riometer beams and radar cells become less comparable in terms of mutual orientation and closeness between the points of maximum sensitivity. <p> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Particle precipitation; Instruments and techniques)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: Langford, B.; Davison, B.; Nemitz, E.; Hewitt, C. N.;

    Mixing ratios and fluxes of six selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured above the city of Manchester (UK) during the summer of 2006. A proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer was used for the measurement of mixing ratios, and fluxes were calculated from these using both the disjunct and the virtual disjunct eddy covariance techniques. The two flux systems, which operated in alternate half hours, showed good agreement, with <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> values ranging between 0.74 and 0.9 for the individual analytes. On average, fluxes measured in the disjunct mode were approximately 20% lower than those measured in the virtual mode. This difference is due to both the dampening of the VOC signal by the disjunct flux sampler and carry over from one sample to the next. Correcting for these effects reduced the difference to less than 7%. Observed fluxes are thought to be largely controlled by anthropogenic sources, with vehicle emissions the major contributor. However, both evaporative and biogenic emissions may account for some of the VOCs present. Concentrations and fluxes of the oxygenated compounds were highest on average, ranging between 0.15 to 1 mg m<sup>&minus;2</sup> h<sup>&minus;1</sup>; the fluxes of aromatic compounds were lower, between 0.12 to 0.28 mg m<sup>&minus;2</sup> h<sup>&minus;1</sup>. The observed fluxes were up-scaled to give city wide emission estimates for each compound and the results compared to estimates made by the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) for the same flux footprint. Fluxes of toluene and benzene compared most closely differing by approximately 50%, while in contrast the oxygenated fluxes were found to be between 3.6–6.3 times larger than the annual average predicted by the NAEI.

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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8...
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    Authors: T. Johansson; S. Figueiredo; T. Karlsson; G. Marklund; +4 Authors

    Cluster electric field, magnetic field, and energetic electron data are analyzed for two events of intense auroral electric field variations, both encountered in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer (PSBL), in the evening local time sector, and at approximately 5<i>R<sub>E</sub></i> geocentric distance. The most intense electric fields (peaking at 450 and 1600mV/m, respectively) were found to be quasi-static, unipolar, relatively stable on the time scale of at least half a minute, and associated with moving downward FAC sheets (peaking at ~10&mu;A/m<sup>2</sup>), downward Poynting flux (peaking at ~35mW/m<sup>2</sup>), and upward electron beams with characteristic energies consistent with the perpendicular potentials (all values being mapped to 1<i>R<sub>E</sub></i> geocentric distance). For these two events in the return current region, quasi-static electric field structures and associated FACs were found to dominate the upward acceleration of electrons, as well as the energy transport between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, although Alfv&#233;n waves clearly also contributed to these processes.

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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      Annales Geophysicae
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: C. F. del Pozo; C. F. del Pozo; C. F. del Pozo; M. J. Kosch; +1 Authors

    Data from simultaneous observations (on 13 February 1996, 9 November 1998, and 12 February 1999) with the IRIS, DASI and EISCAT systems are employed in the study of the energy distribution of the electron precipitation during substorm activity. The estimation of the characteristic energy of the electron precipitation over the common field of view of IRIS and DASI is discussed. In particular, we look closely at the physical basis of the correspondence between the characteristic energy, the flux-averaged energy, as defined below, and the logarithm of the ratio of the green-light intensity to the square of absorption. This study expands and corrects results presented in the paper by Kosch et al. (2001). It is noticed, moreover, that acceleration associated with diffusion processes in the magnetosphere long before precipitation may be controlling the shape of the energy spectrum. We propose and test a &quot;mixed&quot; distribution for the energy-flux spectrum, exponential at the lower energies and Maxwellian or modified power-law at the higher energies, with a threshold energy separating these two regimes. The energy-flux spectrum at Tromsø, in the 1–320 keV range, is derived from EISCAT electron density profiles in the 70–140 km altitude range and is applied in the &quot;calibration&quot; of the optical intensity and absorption distributions, in order to extrapolate the flux and characteristic energy maps.<br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation; particle acceleration)

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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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      Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: Altadill, D.; Apostolov, E. M.; Jacobi, Ch.; Mitchell, N. J.;

    Analyses of time-spatial variations of critical plasma frequency <i>f</i>oF2 during the summer of 1998 reveal the existence of an oscillation activity with attributes of a 6-day westward propagating wave. This event manifests itself as a global scale wave in the <i>f</i>oF2 of the Northern Hemisphere, having a zonal wave number 2. This event coincides with a 6-day oscillation activity in the meridional neutral winds of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT). The oscillation in neutral winds seems to be linked to the 6–7-day global scale unstable mode westward propagating wave number 1 in the MLT. The forcing mechanisms of the 6-day wave event in the ionosphere from the wave activity in the MLT are discussed.<br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (Ionosphere-Atmosphere interactions; Mid-latitude Ionosphere) – Meterology and atmospheric dynamics (waves and tides)

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    Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO)
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    Annales Geophysicae
    Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary; A. V. Koustov;

    Abstract. Data collected by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar are used to illustrate the significant difference between the cosine component of the plasma convection in the F-region and the Doppler velocity of the E-region coherent echoes observed at large flow angles. We show that the E-region velocity is ~5 times smaller in magnitude and rotated by ~30° clockwise with respect to convection in the F-region. Also, measurements at flow angles larger than 90° exhibit a completely new feature: Doppler velocity increase with the expected aspect angle and spatial anticorrelation with the backscatter power. By considering DMSP drift-meter measurements we argue that the difference between F- and E-region velocities cannot be interpreted in terms of the convection change with latitude. The observed features in the velocity of the E-region echoes can be explained by taking into account the ion drift contribution to the irregularity phase velocity as predicted by the linear fluid theory. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities; plasma convection)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: Peet, E.; Rudakov, V.; Yushkov, V.; Redaelli, G.; +1 Authors

    Abstract. In-situ measurements of ozone and water vapour, in the Antarctic lower stratosphere, were made as part of the APE-GAIA mission in September and October 1999. The measurements show a distinct difference above and below the 415K isentrope. Above 415K, the chemically perturbed region of low ozone and water vapour is clearly evident. Below 415K, but still above the tropopause, no sharp meridional gradients in ozone and water vapour were observed. The observations are consistent with analyses of potential vorticity from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, which show smaller radial gradients at 380K than at 450K potential temperature. Ozone loss in the chemically perturbed region above 415K averages 5ppbv per day for mid-September to mid-October. Apparent ozone loss rates in the sub-vortex region are greater, at 7ppbv per day. The data support, therefore, the existence of a sub-vortex region in which meridional transport is more efficient than in the vortex above. The low ozone mixing ratios in the sub-vortex region may be due to in-situ chemical destruction of ozone or transport of ozone-poor air out of the bottom of the vortex. The aircraft data we use cannot distinguish between these two processes. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics polar meteorology) – Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere–composition and chemistry)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: Ashrafi, M.; Kosch, M. J.; Honary, F.;

    Abstract. Energy maps are important for ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling studies, because quantitative determination of field-aligned currents requires knowledge of the conductances and their spatial gradients. By combining imaging riometer absorption and all-sky auroral optical data it is possible to produce high temporal and spatial resolution maps of the Maxwellian characteristic energy of precipitating electrons within a 240240 common field of view. These data have been calibrated by inverting EISCAT electron density profiles into equivalent energy spectra. In this paper energy maps produced by ground-based instruments (optical and riometer) are compared with DMSP satellite data during geomagnetic conjunctions. For the period 1995-2002, twelve satellite passes over the ground-based instruments' field of view for the cloud-free conditions have been considered. Four of the satellite conjunctions occurred during moderate geomagnetic, steady-state conditions and without any ion precipitation. In these cases with Maxwellian satellite spectra, there is 71% agreement between the characteristic energies derived from the satellite and the ground-based energy map method.

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: M. Sugino; M. Sugino; M. Sugino; R. Fujii; +5 Authors

    Attempting to derive the field-aligned current (FAC) density using the EISCAT radar and to understand the role of the ionosphere on closing FACs, we conducted special radar experiments with the EISCAT radar on 9 October 1999. In order to derive the gradient of the ionospheric conductivity (grad <font face="Symbol">S</font>) and the divergence of the electric field (div <b><i>E</i></b>) nearly simultaneously, a special experiment employed an EISCAT radar mode which let the transmitting antenna sequentially point to four directions within 10 min; two pairs of the four directions formed two orthogonal diagonals of a square.&nbsp;</p> <p style="line-height: 20px;">Our analysis of the EISCAT radar data disclosed that <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> div <b><i>E</i></b> and <b><i>E</i></b> · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> produced FACs with the same direction inside a stable broad arc around 05:00 MLT, when the EISCAT radar presumably crossed the boundary between the large-scale upward and downward current regions. In the most successfully observed case, in which the conductances and the electric field were spatially varying with little temporal variations, the contribution of <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> div <b><i>E</i></b> was nearly twice as large as that of <b><i>E</i></b> · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>P</sub> . On the other hand, the contribution of (<b><i>b × E</i></b>) · grad <font face="Symbol">S</font><sub>H</sub> was small and not effective in closing FACs. The present EISCAT radar mode along with auroral images also enables us to focus on the temporal or spatial variation of high electric fields associated with auroral arcs. In the present experiment, the electric field associated with a stable arc was confined in a spatially restricted region, within ~ 100 km from the arc, with no distinct depletion of electron density. We also detected a region of the high arc-associated electric field, accompanied by the depletion of electron density above 110 km. Using auroral images, this region was identified as a dark spot with a spatial scale of over 150 × 150 km. The dark spot and the electron depletion were likely in existence for a limited time of a few minutes.</font><br><br><b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; particle precipitation)

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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary; A. V. Koustov; M. V. Uspensky; +1 Authors

    The meridional motions of the CUTLASS HF and STARE VHF coherent echoes, IMAGE equivalent electrojet currents, and IRIS absorption patches during the postnoon/early-evening event of 14 February 2000 are presented. The motions were found to be synchronous, to a first approximation, for all instruments. The temporal correlation between motions in the radar and magnetometer data was exceptionally good, although spatially the areas with the E-region backscatter and most intense equivalent currents were not coincident, with the HF (VHF) echoes being shifted 100–200km (20–50km) equatorward (poleward). The meridional motions of the radar echoes and electrojet currents appeared to be controlled by the IMF <i>B<sub>z</sub></i> changes; the meridional propagation direction was equatorward (poleward) during the intervals when the IMF was southward (northward), with one exception when the poleward progression continued after the IMF southward turning. We relate the observed meridional motion patterns to the polar cap expansion/contraction during variable IMF conditions and discuss the relative importance of two types of processes: the dayside reconnection and IMF-triggered substorms. We also investigate the irregularity Doppler velocity for the STARE (144MHz) and CUTLASS (12MHz) observations at large flow angles in the context of the eastward and westward electrojet systems. We show that the 144-MHz Doppler velocity is determined by a combination of two factors: the sense of electrojet currents and the aspect angle conditions within the STARE field of view. Finally, the behavior of small dayside enhancements of the IRIS absorption (up to 0.5dB at 38.2MHz) accompanying the radar echoes and electrojet currents is examined. Since the velocity of the meridional displacements was close to that of the poleward/equatorward progressing intense currents, it is suggested that the absorption patches observed during the event were related to the heating of the E-region plasma by the unstable plasma waves in the regions of enhanced electric fields.<br><br> <b>Key words.</b> Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; plasma convection)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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