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  • European Marine Science
  • 2012-2021
  • Open Access
  • BE
  • English
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliogra...

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    Authors: Broekaert, Katrien;
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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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    Authors: Stalder, C.; ElKateb, A.; Spangenberg, J. E.; Terhzaz, L.; +2 Authors

    Benthic foraminifera (protists with biomineralized tests) coupled with geochemical proxies are used for the first time to characterize present oceanographic conditions occurring in cold-water coral ecosystems (CWC) in the eastern Alboran Sea (Brittlestar Ridge and Cablier Mound), western Mediterranean Sea. Quantitative data on living (stained) benthic foraminifera from 5 box cores retrieved during the MD194 cruise on the RV Marion Dufresne reveal that these organisms are more diverse in presence of corals, where more numerous ecological niches occur than they are in pelagic adjacent sediments. These data confirm that CWC can be considered as “diversity hotspots” also for benthic foraminifera. Geochemical characterization shows that these sediments contain relatively fresh (labile) organic matter but also a reworked refractory component. In particular, the total organic carbon and the δ13Corg values suggest that some of the organic matter may be a mixture of marine and reworked particulate organic matter, compared to typical values from temperate phytoplankton. The δ15N of the organic fraction suggests that important atmospheric N2-fixation and degradation processes occur in the region. Finally, our results show that a more effective advection of freshly exported particulate organic matter from the surface waters occur at the mound top rather than at the mound base or off-mound allowing some coral colonies to survive on the top of mounds in this region. The mud layer covering the coral rubble debris may suggest that the Brittlestar Ridge is today exposed to siltation preventing the growth of corals at the mound base or off-mound. Living foraminifera; Cold-water corals; Alboran Sea; Mediterranean.

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    Heliyon
    Article . 2021
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    Serveur académique lausannois
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
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      Serveur académique lausannois
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Pasotti, Francesca;

    Climate change is globally recognized to pose a serious threat to sustainable human development and to the future of our planet. Both the palaeoclimate and the recent global warming have exhibited larger magnitude of effects on both polar regions (the so-called polar amplification), with some areas showing increases in mean air temperatures double that of the global average at both poles. In the Antarctic there is a strong regional pattern in the effects of climate change. The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, the area hosting the highest biodiversity of the whole Antarctic continent, is one of the fastest warming (and changing) regions of the planet, whereas the continental Antarctic presents a general cooling trend. In the WAP air temperatures have increased in both summer and winter (1950-2001: summer + 2.4 ± 1.7°C century-1, autumn +6.2 ± 6.0°C century-1), the sea ice (land fastened ice – or fast ice – versus drift and “pack” ice) ‘season’ and extent have dramatically reduced and more than 87% of the WAP glaciers have actively retreated in the past decades. The increases in glacier retreat observed since as early as the 1930-1950s are coupled to intense summer glacial discharge (e.g. via glacial melt waters), snow and permafrost melting and related effects on coastal sea water turbidity and salinity. Moreover, the decrease in fast ice season has led to higher frequency of iceberg scouring, the major driver of Antarctic shelf biodiversity. All these processes affect the marine coastal communities with direct and indirect effects. The increase in intensity of the observed changes in the WAP appears to fall yet among the natural variability of the past 380-2000 years of climatic history of the region, but anthropogenic drivers are foreseen to become more important in the whole continent by the end of 21st century. Therefore, the understanding of biological responses to the WAP the recent environmental change context represents a fundamental baseline for the deepening of our knowledge on benthic assemblages ecology and their resilience to likely future changes. In this study we investigated the benthic assemblage of Potter Cove (PC), a fjord-like embayment located on the southern coast of King George Island (KGI, South Shetland Islands, WAP). The cove is experiencing strong environmental changes and rapid glacier retreat has influenced the cove since the 1950’s. Potter Cove benthic assemblages are shaped by the interaction of iceberg scour, which can affect the benthos down to 20 m depth, sediment-laden melt water discharge and wave action. Recently community shifts have been reported in the cove for macroepibenthic assemblages. With the present study we focused on the shallow soft-bottom meio- and macrobenthos, and we deepened our investigation by looking at the important microbiota (prokariotes and microphytobenthos) assemblage, which is involved in the basal biogeochemical processes that model and characterize the sediment environment in which these metazoans live. In a spatial analysis we identified three contrasting sites (with different glacier retreat-related history), and investigated three size classes of organisms (microbiota, meio- and macrofauna) and interpreted their assemblage structure in light of their different turnover rates, feeding strategies and dispersal potential, making inferences on the historical influences of the glacier retreat on the resident benthic communities and detecting possible size-related biological responses. With a temporal analysis of the in situ meiofauna standing stocks we looked at possible effects of seasonality on the main meiofauna organisms. Moreover we contributed to the interpretation of these results by means of laboratory experiments to unravel potential effects of distinct glacial-related environmental stressors on PC meiobenthos (see Fig. 1). In the first study (Chapter II) we investigated three size classes of benthic biota (microbenthos, meiofauna and macrofauna) at three shallow water stations (each at a depth of 15 m) in the inner cove, which are influenced by different glacial, meltwater, and water current conditions. Isla D (62° 13' 32.6" S, 58° 38' 32" W) is the most recently ice-free area, being exposed since 2003, and situated about 200-215 m away from the glacier front. Faro station (62° 13' 32.6" S, 58° 40' 03.7"W) is situated on the northern side of the cove and became ice-free between 1988 and 1995. It is an area that is characterized by low ice disturbance and it is affected by wave action. The third station, “Creek” station was located adjacent to “Potter Creek” (62° 13‘ 57.3" S, 58° 39’ 25.9" W). This location has been ice-free since the early 1950s and is influenced by a meltwater river that forms during summer. It is also an area where the impact of growler ice, which can scour the benthos in PC up to a depth of 20 m (Kowalke and Abele, 1998; Sahade et al., 1998b). Such a study across different size spectra of the benthos is unique for the Antarctic shallow water marine environment. Our results revealed the presence of a patchy distribution of highly divergent benthic assemblages within a relatively small area (about 1 km2). In areas with frequent ice scouring and higher sediment accumulation rates, an assemblage mainly dominated by macrobenthic scavengers (such as the polychaete Barrukia cristata), vagile organisms, and younger individuals of sessile species (such as the bivalve Yoldia eightsi) was found. Macrofauna were low in abundance and very patchily distributed in recently ice-free areas close to the glacier, whereas the pioneer nematode genus Microlaimus reached a higher relative abundance in these newly exposed sites. The most diverse and abundant macrofaunal assemblage was found in areas most remote from recent glacier influence. By contrast the meiofauna showed relatively low densities in these areas. The three benthic size classes appeared to respond in different ways to disturbances likely related to ice retreat, suggesting that the capacity to adapt and colonize habitats is dependent on both body size and specific life traits. Chapter III was a continuation of the first investigation where we focused on the trophic interactions happening at these contrasting locations. We compared the meio- and macrofauna isotopic niche widths (δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis) by means of new generation Bayesian-based statistical approaches. The isotopic niches appeared to be locally shaped by the different degrees of glacier retreat-related disturbance observed within the cove. The retreat of the glacier seems to favor wider isotopic niches lowering initial local competition. The retreat of the ice is known to provide for new available resource pools via macroalgae colonization and likely punctual enhanced sea ice algae sedimentation. An intermediate-high and continuous state of glacial disturbance (e.g. ice-growlers) allows new species and new life strategies to settle during repeated colonization processes. The smaller benthic organisms (e.g. meiofauna) seemed to be the primary colonizers of these disturbed sediments, showing a wider isotopic niche. Ice-scour and glacial impact hence can play a two-fold role within the cove: i) they either stimulate trophic diversity by allowing continuous re-colonizations of meiobenthic species or, ii) in time, they may force the benthic assemblages into a more compacted trophic structure with increased level of connectedness and resource recycling. To conclude the in field work, in Chapter IV we investigated the seasonal responses of the meiobenthic assemblage at two shallow sites, located on the opposite shores of the inner Potter Cove (North Barton Peninsula versus South Potter Peninsula). We focused on responses to summer/winter biogeochemical conditions. Meiofaunal densities were found to be higher in summer and lower in winter, although this result was not significantly related to the in situ availability of organic matter in each season. The combination of food quality and competition for food amongst higher trophic levels may have played a role in determining the standing stocks at the two sites. Meiobenthic winter abundances were sufficiently high (always above 1000 individuals per 10 cm2) to infer that energy sources were not limiting during winter, supporting observations from other studies for both shallow water and continental shelf Antarctic ecosystems. Recruitment within meiofaunal communities was coupled to the local seasonal dynamics for harpacticoid copepods but not for nematodes, suggesting that species-specific life history or trophic features form an important element of the responses observed. The experimental part of the thesis starts with a tracer experiment (Chapter V). Antarctic meiofauna trophic position in the food web is to date still poorly studied. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, and bacteria may represent important food sources for shallow water metazoans and the role of meiobenthos in the benthic-pelagic coupling represents an important brick for food web understanding. In a laboratory feeding experiment 13C-labelled freeze-dried diatoms (Thalassiosira weissflogii) and bacteria were added to retrieved cores from Potter Cove (15 m depth, November 2007) in order to investigate the uptake by 3 main meiofauna taxa: nematodes, copepods and cumaceans. In the surface sediment layers nematodes showed no real difference in uptake of both food sources. This outcome was supported by the natural δ13C values and the community genus composition. In the first centimeter layer, the dominant genus was Daptonema which is known to be opportunistic, feeding on both bacteria and diatoms. Copepods and cumaceans on the other hand appeared to feed more on diatoms than on bacteria. This may point at a better adaptation to input of primary production from the water column. On the other hand, the overall carbon uptake of the given food sources was quite low for all taxa, indicating that likely other food sources might be of relevance for these meiobenthic organisms. Chapter VI deals with the possible effects of climate change-related increases in inorganic sedimentation, mechanical disturbance and changes in food quality by means of two laboratory experiments: i) the effect of inorganic sedimentation (SED) on the vertical distribution of the meiofauna and ii) the effects of sediment displacement and different types of food (SEL) on the composition of meiobenthic and nematode assemblages in surface sediments. In the SED experiment there was no effect of the sediment load and variances in the densities were too high to allow any deeper understanding. In the SEL experiment the mechanical disturbance mimicked during the collection of the natural sediment caused significant losses in the densities of nauplii and copepods, which may have escaped or showed to be sensitive to this type of disturbance. Among the nematode assemblage, Aponema had an overall increase in relative abundance in the experimental units, benefiting of the sediment mechanical re-working. The different kind of detritus given in the microcosm (shredded macroalgae, the benthic diatom Seminavis robusta and the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana) did not result in significant differences among treatments in terms of meiofaunacomposition at higher taxon level. The nematode assemblage however, was dominated by epistrate feeders in the control and the S. robusta treatments resembling the natural background nematode assemblage. The macroalgae and the haptophyte detritus seemed to stimulate the presence of non-selective deposit feeders. The genus Sabatieria reached the highest relative abundance in these samples compared to both the other treatment and the background sediments, possibly because of increased hypoxic conditions in the presence of this type of detritus. Unfortunately, the high variances found in the experimental units hindered the finding of unequivocal effects on the nematode assemblages in both experiments. The data obtained in the current study indicates that Potter Cove’s shallow benthos is responding to in situ glacial retreat with structural (biomass and taxonomic composition) and functional (isotopic niche width) changes and that meiofaunal organisms appear to be the most resilient size class. Glacier retreat-related impacts on biological communities, hence, depend on the affected organisms turnover (recruitment potential), dispersal potential (capacity of re-colonisation or local migration), motility (avoidance of ice scour impact) and dietary flexibility (resilience to overall disturbances). The meiofauna, being connected to both the detritus and microorganisms on the one hand and the macrofauna on the other, displays a higher resilience to disturbance in light of an intrinsic size-dependent centrality in the overall benthic food web and the high trophic redundancy found between species of important taxons (e.g. nematodes). Inorganic sedimentation per se does not affect meiofauna abundances. Nematodes and copepods seem resilient to this disturbance. Fresh phytoplanktonic detritus may have positive effects on their abundance. Food quality changes (increase in macroalgae detritus and more accessible soft-celled phytoplankton flagellates) can stimulate bacterial degradation within the sediment and initiate short-term community shifts in the nematofauna with genera like Sabatieria or Halalaimus becoming more abundant. Abundances can be temporally negatively affected, especially those of oxygen sensitive taxa (e.g. harpacticoid copepods). Ice scour seems to have a negative effect on nematode selective feeders relative abundance. Ice scour and wind-driven re-suspension are very important disturbances with both “positive” and “negative” effects on the benthos, with wind affecting depths of up to 30 m during strong storms events. Iceberg scouring is the main driver of biodiversity in the Antarctic shelf since it increases the spatial heterogeneity and allow more species with different life strategies to co-exist in rather restricted areas. Anyhow, increases in their frequency are likely to become detrimental to most macrobenthic species, with overall strong influences, but not catastrophic consequences, for the highly detritus based meiobenthic assemblage. Meiofauna represents a pioneer size-class for newly ice-free, heavily scoured soft-bottoms, where wind-driven re-suspension is lower. Macrofauna is a poorer competitor at high disturbances but increases its dominance at intermediate-low disturbance levels. In the second situation competition for resources between meiofauna and macrofauna may become more important in shaping their relative community structure and the food web. Future scenarios in Antarctic marine ecosystems such as PC foresee a more or less rapid stop in iceberg scouring due to a complete withdraw of the glacier on land and a gradual decrease in melt water discharge parallel to KGI ice mass loss generated by the increasing temperatures. Therefore in the future wind speed-related wave action might be the only structuring force enacting on PC benthic communities, but to date there are no evidences of its direct effects on these organisms. In light of the important structuring effect of iceberg scouring and the highly hierarchical competition of Antarctic benthic assemblages, in the absence of this forcing, we might expect, on the longer term, a general decrease in macrobenthic resilience (both resistance to changes and recovery after disturbance), but a rather unchanged (although fluctuating on the short term) resilience for the meiobenthic assemblage.

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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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      Open Marine Archive
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    Authors: Vekeman, Bram;

    Methane is the most abundant organic greenhouse gas in our atmosphere, and has a strong infrared absorbance, being 25 to 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide on a 100 years scale. Methane therefore plays an important role in the climate warming regulation. Methanotrophs are microorganisms that can consume methane and utilize it as their sole source of carbon and energy. These organisms are the most important biological sink of methane. Their importance is especially demonstrated in marine ecosystems. While the oceans have the potential to produce enormous quantities of methane, a series of very effective microbiological oxidation processes results in the ocean being one of the smallest net global methane sources. Hence, it is of vital importance to understand who is there and what factors may positively or negatively impact the methane-oxidizing activity of these organisms. Despite the importance of the aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in the marine ecosystems currently only a limited amount of ex situ cultures is available. Nevertheless, they are indispensable to link physiology to genomic features and expand our knowledge about the specific habitat preferences of marine MOB. This study focused on aerobic marine MOBs and aimed at designing a large-scale enrichment and isolation strategy to retrieve a maximal MOB diversity from marine sediments. First, the effect of adhesion material and headspace composition on the methane oxidation activity in marine sediment enrichments were investigated. The addition of sterilized natural sediment as well as acid-washed silicium dioxide significantly positively influenced methane oxidation. The exact mechanism of this positive effect needs further investigation but might be the facilitation of methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen gradients in addition to adhesion. Use of adhesion material might thus facilitate the cultivation and subsequent enrichment of members of this functional guild. Next, using these insights, a large scale isolation strategy was performed from sediment collected at six different stations in the North Sea along a transect from estuary to open sea. An initial enrichment step with serial subcultivations was followed by miniaturized extinction culturing mimicking a range of nitrogen and oxygen microniches. A clear decreasing trend of cultivability and detectability was observed along the investigated transect. Furthermore widely applied pmoA primers failed to amplify biomarkers in a large number of active methanotrophic cultures, suggesting enormous underestimation of methanotrophs in situ in PCR-based molecular surveys. Unfortunately, despite the numerous attempts we were not able to obtain axenic methanotrophic cultures, most likely due to tight mutualistic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria.Shot gun sequencing of four methane-oxidizing enrichment cultures revealed the presence of a novel gammaproteobacterial MOB belonging to the deep-sea cluster 2 in two cultures and a novel alphaproteobacterial MOB belonging to the recently described methylotrophic genus Methyloceanibacter in the other two cultures. Methyloceanibacter methanicus represented the first MOB found in an exclusively methylotrophic genus, the first marine type II MOB and only the third taxon in which solely sMMO was resoponsible for methane oxidation. A targeted isolation using methanol as carbon source led to a axenic culture of the MOB, in addition to three closely related novel strict methylotrophic species, M. superfactum, M. stevinii, M. marginalis. Together with the previously described M. caenitepidi, these species exemplify an extreme niche differentiation, with a wide ecotypic variation related to growth kinetics on methanol, and preferences for nitrogen, pH, temperature and salt. Furthermore, the most striking difference of the deep-sea cluster 2 representatives demonstrated a striking difference with other gammaproteobacterial MOB in its lack of a calcium dependent methanol dehydrogenase encoded in the genome. The genome solely contained the genes for xoxF5 for the lanthanide-containing methanol dehydrogenase.Lastly, a preservation protocol was optimized for the long term storage of marine bacteria in order to successfully store the enrichments and axenic cultures obtained throughout this dissertation. Fastidious nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were used as model organisms. They demonstrated that optimal preservation conditions were strain-dependent whereby marine strains, appeared to be more sensitive to freezing than non-marine strains. Nevertheless, a general cryopreservation protocol using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotective agent with or without ten-fold diluted trypticase soy broth and trehalose as a preservation medium allowed successful preservation of all tested strains. Applying the same protocol on whole marine sediment samples allowed successful storage of different key players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle.In conclusion marine MOBs are notoriously difficult to cultivate and isolate. Despite numerous attempts, I was only able obtain one axenic culture, in addition to over 200 enrichment cultures, from the oxygenated zones of North Sea sediments. The availability of a successful preservation protocol allows the storage of this axenic culture, ensuring that novel diversity does not get lost, but also further guaranties archiving of the obtained enrichment cultures and environmental samples. As such these are available for future isolation when novel insights in marine MOB and isolation strategies/techniques become available.

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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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      Open Marine Archive
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    Authors: Depestele, Jochen;
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    Authors: Vanoppen, Marjolein; Derese, Sebastiaan; Bakelants, Annelise; Verliefde, Arne;

    Supplying fresh, potable water to an ever increasing world population is becoming a major challenge. One possibility is to produce fresh water from seawater by Reverse Osmosis (RO), a process that is very energy intensive. To reduce the energy demand of this process, osmotic dilution (OD)/osmotic energy recovery (OER) systems can be used as pre-treatment. Both Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and their non energy-producing counterparts short-circuited RED/ Forward Osmosis (scRED/FO) and assisted RED/FO (ARED/AFO) were modelled as OD/OER devices for RO, in a thermodynamic way. Different mixing ratios of impaired versus salt water (0.5, 1 and 2) were compared at a realistic RO recovery of 50%. A realistic approach for the RED/PRO-RO hybrid process was also modelled incorporating some major losses, to gain a more realistic insight into its possibilities. The thermodynamic modelling revealed that a significant reduction of the SEC is possible with all hybrid processes. The reduction in SEC is less for the non energy-producing systems, but these have the added advantage of requiring a lower membrane area to achieve a similar extent of seawater dilution. From preliminary results of the more realistic modelling, it seems that RED-RO scores better when losses are incorporated. Further thermodynamic and realistic modelling will focus on different RO recoveries, capital cost calculations based on membrane requirements and sensitivity analysis of the different parameters implemented.

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    Authors: Devolder, Brecht; Troch, Peter; Rauwoens, Pieter;
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    Authors: Bayissa, Tokuma Negisho;

    Aquatic food production plays a pivotal role in providing food, nutrition, employment, recreation, trade and economic well-being for people throughout the world, for present and future generations. It offers a life-changing opportunity for the hundreds of millions of undernourished people around the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, aquatic food production is one of the candidate sectors recently foreseen as fortification of nutrient-sensitive agriculture. Aquaculture is continuously increasing worldwide to meet the global market demand for fish and fishery products, driven by the increasing human population and over-exploitation of wild capture fisheries. Though overexploitation of wild capture fisheries has been reported, still it dominates the fish supply in Africa, and aquaculture production in the continent contributes an insignificant percentage. To sustain aquatic food production, there would be a diversifying option of fish species and parts used for human consumption (Chapter 1). People have never consumed as much fish nor depended so much on the aquatic food products for their livelihoods. As a matter of fact, micronutrient deficiency is affecting most developing countries. In such condition, diet shift towards diverse fish species could be a sensible remedy for micronutrient deficient nations. In Ethiopia, both capture and culture fisheries are focusing on a relatively narrow diversity of fish species, which likely underutilizes the nation’s aquatic resources for food and nutrition provision, because fish species vary considerably in their nutrient composition and density. Given the wide diversity of aquatic life, fish nutritive value, especially mineral concentrations could be influenced by various factors, such as species, habitat, climate, and tissue characteristics (metabolic activity and homeostasis). Therefore, investigating the impact of these factors in nutritive value, essential and non-essential mineral concentrations in different fish species and tissues is paramount in the aquaculture sector development. The general aim of this PhD thesis thus was to investigate the impact of species, tissues and ecosystem on the nutrient metabolism and nutritive value of fish as part of a nutrition- sensitive agriculture (Chapter 2). Bayissa T.N. 2021 179 Fish nutrient deficiency should not occur when diets have been formulated and prepared based on the species’ requirement. However, some commercially available diets for another species may sometimes be used in the absence of a suitable formulation, resulting in deficiencies. Chapter 3 compared micromineral (Fe, Zn and Cu) homeostasis across ten ornamental fish species. Ten different species of live ornamental fish were randomly sampled from one big aquarium in a pet store in Belgium. All fish samples were dissected manually for the collection of targeted tissues and analyzed for the above mentioned microminerals. In general, muscle tissue showed the lowest concentrations for each of the three microminerals in all species, still with important variation among species. Fe was associated with Cu in muscle tissue (p < 0.05), but neither of them were associated with Zn in the muscle. However, the three micromineral concentrations were correlated in the heart (p < 0.05). Similarly, all of them were correlated in the liver (p < 0.05), but none of them showed a significant association in the tail fin. Excess deposition of minerals in heart tissue is a new observation, and it is not known if this is meant as storage or rather the fish heart has a high requirement for microminerals. Storage in the tail fin should be interpreted as a sign of permanent deposition as a tool to dispose of toxic excess. The lack of correlation between the muscular concentrations of Zn on the one hand, and those of Fe and Cu on the other hand, further suggests that fish species distinctly differ in their micromineral metabolism. Although this exploratory study still leaves many questions unanswered, it points to the large diversity in micromineral metabolism among fish species. Consequently, Chapter 4, aimed to evaluate the macronutrient and mineral composition of whole fish (Labeobarbus intermedius, Garra quadrimaculata) and fillet (Oreochromis niloticus, Labeobarbus intermedius) from the same water body. A total of 64 fish samples were collected from Gilgel Gibe reservoir, Ethiopia, and analyzed for its macronutrient and mineral composition. The proximate composition and mineral contents of fillets and whole body samples were determined. The whole fish showed a much higher fat and ash percentage than the fillets (p<0.05). The fillets contained a Bayissa T.N. 2021 180 much higher protein concentration than the whole fish (p<0.05). The higher Ca: P ratios in whole fish compared to fillet in our study confirms the importance for a healthy human skeletal development, especially in diets where Ca is typically lacking. Whole Garra appeared to be containing important trace elements such as zinc and iron, a feature that was not found to the same extent in the whole Labeobarbus. These differences may find its origin in the feeding pattern of these fish species in the reservoir. The advantage of benthic species such as Garra to enrich the human diet with essential minerals may, however, coincide with the accumulation of toxic heavy metals as a potential result of soil erosion. In natural conditions, the distribution of minerals can vary with the local activity (farming, industrial, or urban activity) that limits the resealing rate of effluents into the nearby aquatic environment. The accumulation and distribution of beneficial and toxic trace elements in fish tissues can be affected by the mineral load in its environment and diet, which, in turn, will be a reflection of soil composition and geological events, such as soil erosion. In Chapter 5, a study was aimed to evaluate the differences in mineral and toxic trace element concentrations of Nile tilapia tissues from three aquatic ecosystems in Ethiopia namely, Lake Ziway, Lake Langano, and Gilgel Gibe reservoir with a focus on edible (fillet) and discarded (digestive tract, gills, skin, and liver) parts. From each lake, twenty Nile tilapia samples were collected, dissected for the targeted tissues and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All elements varied markedly among tissues and between the lakes. Some differences in element concentrations were attributed to differences in nutrient load in the ecosystems and the function of the tissues. For instance, the calcium concentrations in skin and gill were distinctly higher in fish from calcium-rich Lake Langano. The discarded parts were richer in essential trace elements, showing an opportunity to promote their use in human nutrition to increase the intake of important minerals. However, the accumulation of elements toxic to humans, such as aluminum, should be monitored and controlled when rearing these fish in aquaculture. Bayissa T.N. 2021 181 A natural aquatic ecosystem harbors a diversity of factors, making it hard to identify the most limiting factors for fish development and body composition. In Chapter 6, study was conducted to explore how metabolite analysis can mechanistically explain differences in tissue composition and size of Nile tilapia from different habitats. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples of Nile tilapia were collected from three Ethiopian lakes (Gilgel Gibe, Ziway, and Langano) and analysed for the carnitine esters and free amino acids. Metabolite ratios were calculated from relevant biochemical pathways that could identify relative changes in nutrient metabolism. Marked differences were observed in Nile tilapia metabolic activity between the lakes. For instance, the lower body weight and body condition of the fish in Lake Langano coincided with several metabolite ratios pointing to a low flow of glucogenic substrate to the citric acid cycle. In the Gilgel Gibe fish, the metabolic markers for lipogenesis and metabolic rate could explain the high fat concentration in several parts of the body. The nutrition-related blood metabolite ratios are useful to understand the underlying metabolic events leading to the habitatdependent differences in growth of Nile tilapia, and by extension, other species. In conclusion (Chapter 7), this thesis demonstrates the potential for targeted enrichment of the human diet with minerals and other nutrients through fish. Apart from the fish diet and environment, the choice of the fish species and which parts are eaten are available strategies to that end. Whole blood metabolic profiling in fish showed to be a valuable tool to facilitate and speed up the evaluation of these strategies.

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    Authors: Verao Fernandez, Gael; Balitsky, Philip; Stratigaki, Vicky; Troch, Peter;
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    Authors: Vandebeek, Ine; Toorman, Erik; Troch, Peter;
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    Authors: Broekaert, Katrien;
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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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    Authors: Stalder, C.; ElKateb, A.; Spangenberg, J. E.; Terhzaz, L.; +2 Authors

    Benthic foraminifera (protists with biomineralized tests) coupled with geochemical proxies are used for the first time to characterize present oceanographic conditions occurring in cold-water coral ecosystems (CWC) in the eastern Alboran Sea (Brittlestar Ridge and Cablier Mound), western Mediterranean Sea. Quantitative data on living (stained) benthic foraminifera from 5 box cores retrieved during the MD194 cruise on the RV Marion Dufresne reveal that these organisms are more diverse in presence of corals, where more numerous ecological niches occur than they are in pelagic adjacent sediments. These data confirm that CWC can be considered as “diversity hotspots” also for benthic foraminifera. Geochemical characterization shows that these sediments contain relatively fresh (labile) organic matter but also a reworked refractory component. In particular, the total organic carbon and the δ13Corg values suggest that some of the organic matter may be a mixture of marine and reworked particulate organic matter, compared to typical values from temperate phytoplankton. The δ15N of the organic fraction suggests that important atmospheric N2-fixation and degradation processes occur in the region. Finally, our results show that a more effective advection of freshly exported particulate organic matter from the surface waters occur at the mound top rather than at the mound base or off-mound allowing some coral colonies to survive on the top of mounds in this region. The mud layer covering the coral rubble debris may suggest that the Brittlestar Ridge is today exposed to siltation preventing the growth of corals at the mound base or off-mound. Living foraminifera; Cold-water corals; Alboran Sea; Mediterranean.

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    Heliyon
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    Serveur académique lausannois
    Article . 2021
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      Heliyon
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    Authors: Pasotti, Francesca;

    Climate change is globally recognized to pose a serious threat to sustainable human development and to the future of our planet. Both the palaeoclimate and the recent global warming have exhibited larger magnitude of effects on both polar regions (the so-called polar amplification), with some areas showing increases in mean air temperatures double that of the global average at both poles. In the Antarctic there is a strong regional pattern in the effects of climate change. The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, the area hosting the highest biodiversity of the whole Antarctic continent, is one of the fastest warming (and changing) regions of the planet, whereas the continental Antarctic presents a general cooling trend. In the WAP air temperatures have increased in both summer and winter (1950-2001: summer + 2.4 ± 1.7°C century-1, autumn +6.2 ± 6.0°C century-1), the sea ice (land fastened ice – or fast ice – versus drift and “pack” ice) ‘season’ and extent have dramatically reduced and more than 87% of the WAP glaciers have actively retreated in the past decades. The increases in glacier retreat observed since as early as the 1930-1950s are coupled to intense summer glacial discharge (e.g. via glacial melt waters), snow and permafrost melting and related effects on coastal sea water turbidity and salinity. Moreover, the decrease in fast ice season has led to higher frequency of iceberg scouring, the major driver of Antarctic shelf biodiversity. All these processes affect the marine coastal communities with direct and indirect effects. The increase in intensity of the observed changes in the WAP appears to fall yet among the natural variability of the past 380-2000 years of climatic history of the region, but anthropogenic drivers are foreseen to become more important in the whole continent by the end of 21st century. Therefore, the understanding of biological responses to the WAP the recent environmental change context represents a fundamental baseline for the deepening of our knowledge on benthic assemblages ecology and their resilience to likely future changes. In this study we investigated the benthic assemblage of Potter Cove (PC), a fjord-like embayment located on the southern coast of King George Island (KGI, South Shetland Islands, WAP). The cove is experiencing strong environmental changes and rapid glacier retreat has influenced the cove since the 1950’s. Potter Cove benthic assemblages are shaped by the interaction of iceberg scour, which can affect the benthos down to 20 m depth, sediment-laden melt water discharge and wave action. Recently community shifts have been reported in the cove for macroepibenthic assemblages. With the present study we focused on the shallow soft-bottom meio- and macrobenthos, and we deepened our investigation by looking at the important microbiota (prokariotes and microphytobenthos) assemblage, which is involved in the basal biogeochemical processes that model and characterize the sediment environment in which these metazoans live. In a spatial analysis we identified three contrasting sites (with different glacier retreat-related history), and investigated three size classes of organisms (microbiota, meio- and macrofauna) and interpreted their assemblage structure in light of their different turnover rates, feeding strategies and dispersal potential, making inferences on the historical influences of the glacier retreat on the resident benthic communities and detecting possible size-related biological responses. With a temporal analysis of the in situ meiofauna standing stocks we looked at possible effects of seasonality on the main meiofauna organisms. Moreover we contributed to the interpretation of these results by means of laboratory experiments to unravel potential effects of distinct glacial-related environmental stressors on PC meiobenthos (see Fig. 1). In the first study (Chapter II) we investigated three size classes of benthic biota (microbenthos, meiofauna and macrofauna) at three shallow water stations (each at a depth of 15 m) in the inner cove, which are influenced by different glacial, meltwater, and water current conditions. Isla D (62° 13' 32.6" S, 58° 38' 32" W) is the most recently ice-free area, being exposed since 2003, and situated about 200-215 m away from the glacier front. Faro station (62° 13' 32.6" S, 58° 40' 03.7"W) is situated on the northern side of the cove and became ice-free between 1988 and 1995. It is an area that is characterized by low ice disturbance and it is affected by wave action. The third station, “Creek” station was located adjacent to “Potter Creek” (62° 13‘ 57.3" S, 58° 39’ 25.9" W). This location has been ice-free since the early 1950s and is influenced by a meltwater river that forms during summer. It is also an area where the impact of growler ice, which can scour the benthos in PC up to a depth of 20 m (Kowalke and Abele, 1998; Sahade et al., 1998b). Such a study across different size spectra of the benthos is unique for the Antarctic shallow water marine environment. Our results revealed the presence of a patchy distribution of highly divergent benthic assemblages within a relatively small area (about 1 km2). In areas with frequent ice scouring and higher sediment accumulation rates, an assemblage mainly dominated by macrobenthic scavengers (such as the polychaete Barrukia cristata), vagile organisms, and younger individuals of sessile species (such as the bivalve Yoldia eightsi) was found. Macrofauna were low in abundance and very patchily distributed in recently ice-free areas close to the glacier, whereas the pioneer nematode genus Microlaimus reached a higher relative abundance in these newly exposed sites. The most diverse and abundant macrofaunal assemblage was found in areas most remote from recent glacier influence. By contrast the meiofauna showed relatively low densities in these areas. The three benthic size classes appeared to respond in different ways to disturbances likely related to ice retreat, suggesting that the capacity to adapt and colonize habitats is dependent on both body size and specific life traits. Chapter III was a continuation of the first investigation where we focused on the trophic interactions happening at these contrasting locations. We compared the meio- and macrofauna isotopic niche widths (δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis) by means of new generation Bayesian-based statistical approaches. The isotopic niches appeared to be locally shaped by the different degrees of glacier retreat-related disturbance observed within the cove. The retreat of the glacier seems to favor wider isotopic niches lowering initial local competition. The retreat of the ice is known to provide for new available resource pools via macroalgae colonization and likely punctual enhanced sea ice algae sedimentation. An intermediate-high and continuous state of glacial disturbance (e.g. ice-growlers) allows new species and new life strategies to settle during repeated colonization processes. The smaller benthic organisms (e.g. meiofauna) seemed to be the primary colonizers of these disturbed sediments, showing a wider isotopic niche. Ice-scour and glacial impact hence can play a two-fold role within the cove: i) they either stimulate trophic diversity by allowing continuous re-colonizations of meiobenthic species or, ii) in time, they may force the benthic assemblages into a more compacted trophic structure with increased level of connectedness and resource recycling. To conclude the in field work, in Chapter IV we investigated the seasonal responses of the meiobenthic assemblage at two shallow sites, located on the opposite shores of the inner Potter Cove (North Barton Peninsula versus South Potter Peninsula). We focused on responses to summer/winter biogeochemical conditions. Meiofaunal densities were found to be higher in summer and lower in winter, although this result was not significantly related to the in situ availability of organic matter in each season. The combination of food quality and competition for food amongst higher trophic levels may have played a role in determining the standing stocks at the two sites. Meiobenthic winter abundances were sufficiently high (always above 1000 individuals per 10 cm2) to infer that energy sources were not limiting during winter, supporting observations from other studies for both shallow water and continental shelf Antarctic ecosystems. Recruitment within meiofaunal communities was coupled to the local seasonal dynamics for harpacticoid copepods but not for nematodes, suggesting that species-specific life history or trophic features form an important element of the responses observed. The experimental part of the thesis starts with a tracer experiment (Chapter V). Antarctic meiofauna trophic position in the food web is to date still poorly studied. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, and bacteria may represent important food sources for shallow water metazoans and the role of meiobenthos in the benthic-pelagic coupling represents an important brick for food web understanding. In a laboratory feeding experiment 13C-labelled freeze-dried diatoms (Thalassiosira weissflogii) and bacteria were added to retrieved cores from Potter Cove (15 m depth, November 2007) in order to investigate the uptake by 3 main meiofauna taxa: nematodes, copepods and cumaceans. In the surface sediment layers nematodes showed no real difference in uptake of both food sources. This outcome was supported by the natural δ13C values and the community genus composition. In the first centimeter layer, the dominant genus was Daptonema which is known to be opportunistic, feeding on both bacteria and diatoms. Copepods and cumaceans on the other hand appeared to feed more on diatoms than on bacteria. This may point at a better adaptation to input of primary production from the water column. On the other hand, the overall carbon uptake of the given food sources was quite low for all taxa, indicating that likely other food sources might be of relevance for these meiobenthic organisms. Chapter VI deals with the possible effects of climate change-related increases in inorganic sedimentation, mechanical disturbance and changes in food quality by means of two laboratory experiments: i) the effect of inorganic sedimentation (SED) on the vertical distribution of the meiofauna and ii) the effects of sediment displacement and different types of food (SEL) on the composition of meiobenthic and nematode assemblages in surface sediments. In the SED experiment there was no effect of the sediment load and variances in the densities were too high to allow any deeper understanding. In the SEL experiment the mechanical disturbance mimicked during the collection of the natural sediment caused significant losses in the densities of nauplii and copepods, which may have escaped or showed to be sensitive to this type of disturbance. Among the nematode assemblage, Aponema had an overall increase in relative abundance in the experimental units, benefiting of the sediment mechanical re-working. The different kind of detritus given in the microcosm (shredded macroalgae, the benthic diatom Seminavis robusta and the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana) did not result in significant differences among treatments in terms of meiofaunacomposition at higher taxon level. The nematode assemblage however, was dominated by epistrate feeders in the control and the S. robusta treatments resembling the natural background nematode assemblage. The macroalgae and the haptophyte detritus seemed to stimulate the presence of non-selective deposit feeders. The genus Sabatieria reached the highest relative abundance in these samples compared to both the other treatment and the background sediments, possibly because of increased hypoxic conditions in the presence of this type of detritus. Unfortunately, the high variances found in the experimental units hindered the finding of unequivocal effects on the nematode assemblages in both experiments. The data obtained in the current study indicates that Potter Cove’s shallow benthos is responding to in situ glacial retreat with structural (biomass and taxonomic composition) and functional (isotopic niche width) changes and that meiofaunal organisms appear to be the most resilient size class. Glacier retreat-related impacts on biological communities, hence, depend on the affected organisms turnover (recruitment potential), dispersal potential (capacity of re-colonisation or local migration), motility (avoidance of ice scour impact) and dietary flexibility (resilience to overall disturbances). The meiofauna, being connected to both the detritus and microorganisms on the one hand and the macrofauna on the other, displays a higher resilience to disturbance in light of an intrinsic size-dependent centrality in the overall benthic food web and the high trophic redundancy found between species of important taxons (e.g. nematodes). Inorganic sedimentation per se does not affect meiofauna abundances. Nematodes and copepods seem resilient to this disturbance. Fresh phytoplanktonic detritus may have positive effects on their abundance. Food quality changes (increase in macroalgae detritus and more accessible soft-celled phytoplankton flagellates) can stimulate bacterial degradation within the sediment and initiate short-term community shifts in the nematofauna with genera like Sabatieria or Halalaimus becoming more abundant. Abundances can be temporally negatively affected, especially those of oxygen sensitive taxa (e.g. harpacticoid copepods). Ice scour seems to have a negative effect on nematode selective feeders relative abundance. Ice scour and wind-driven re-suspension are very important disturbances with both “positive” and “negative” effects on the benthos, with wind affecting depths of up to 30 m during strong storms events. Iceberg scouring is the main driver of biodiversity in the Antarctic shelf since it increases the spatial heterogeneity and allow more species with different life strategies to co-exist in rather restricted areas. Anyhow, increases in their frequency are likely to become detrimental to most macrobenthic species, with overall strong influences, but not catastrophic consequences, for the highly detritus based meiobenthic assemblage. Meiofauna represents a pioneer size-class for newly ice-free, heavily scoured soft-bottoms, where wind-driven re-suspension is lower. Macrofauna is a poorer competitor at high disturbances but increases its dominance at intermediate-low disturbance levels. In the second situation competition for resources between meiofauna and macrofauna may become more important in shaping their relative community structure and the food web. Future scenarios in Antarctic marine ecosystems such as PC foresee a more or less rapid stop in iceberg scouring due to a complete withdraw of the glacier on land and a gradual decrease in melt water discharge parallel to KGI ice mass loss generated by the increasing temperatures. Therefore in the future wind speed-related wave action might be the only structuring force enacting on PC benthic communities, but to date there are no evidences of its direct effects on these organisms. In light of the important structuring effect of iceberg scouring and the highly hierarchical competition of Antarctic benthic assemblages, in the absence of this forcing, we might expect, on the longer term, a general decrease in macrobenthic resilience (both resistance to changes and recovery after disturbance), but a rather unchanged (although fluctuating on the short term) resilience for the meiobenthic assemblage.

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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Vekeman, Bram;

    Methane is the most abundant organic greenhouse gas in our atmosphere, and has a strong infrared absorbance, being 25 to 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide on a 100 years scale. Methane therefore plays an important role in the climate warming regulation. Methanotrophs are microorganisms that can consume methane and utilize it as their sole source of carbon and energy. These organisms are the most important biological sink of methane. Their importance is especially demonstrated in marine ecosystems. While the oceans have the potential to produce enormous quantities of methane, a series of very effective microbiological oxidation processes results in the ocean being one of the smallest net global methane sources. Hence, it is of vital importance to understand who is there and what factors may positively or negatively impact the methane-oxidizing activity of these organisms. Despite the importance of the aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in the marine ecosystems currently only a limited amount of ex situ cultures is available. Nevertheless, they are indispensable to link physiology to genomic features and expand our knowledge about the specific habitat preferences of marine MOB. This study focused on aerobic marine MOBs and aimed at designing a large-scale enrichment and isolation strategy to retrieve a maximal MOB diversity from marine sediments. First, the effect of adhesion material and headspace composition on the methane oxidation activity in marine sediment enrichments were investigated. The addition of sterilized natural sediment as well as acid-washed silicium dioxide significantly positively influenced methane oxidation. The exact mechanism of this positive effect needs further investigation but might be the facilitation of methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen gradients in addition to adhesion. Use of adhesion material might thus facilitate the cultivation and subsequent enrichment of members of this functional guild. Next, using these insights, a large scale isolation strategy was performed from sediment collected at six different stations in the North Sea along a transect from estuary to open sea. An initial enrichment step with serial subcultivations was followed by miniaturized extinction culturing mimicking a range of nitrogen and oxygen microniches. A clear decreasing trend of cultivability and detectability was observed along the investigated transect. Furthermore widely applied pmoA primers failed to amplify biomarkers in a large number of active methanotrophic cultures, suggesting enormous underestimation of methanotrophs in situ in PCR-based molecular surveys. Unfortunately, despite the numerous attempts we were not able to obtain axenic methanotrophic cultures, most likely due to tight mutualistic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria.Shot gun sequencing of four methane-oxidizing enrichment cultures revealed the presence of a novel gammaproteobacterial MOB belonging to the deep-sea cluster 2 in two cultures and a novel alphaproteobacterial MOB belonging to the recently described methylotrophic genus Methyloceanibacter in the other two cultures. Methyloceanibacter methanicus represented the first MOB found in an exclusively methylotrophic genus, the first marine type II MOB and only the third taxon in which solely sMMO was resoponsible for methane oxidation. A targeted isolation using methanol as carbon source led to a axenic culture of the MOB, in addition to three closely related novel strict methylotrophic species, M. superfactum, M. stevinii, M. marginalis. Together with the previously described M. caenitepidi, these species exemplify an extreme niche differentiation, with a wide ecotypic variation related to growth kinetics on methanol, and preferences for nitrogen, pH, temperature and salt. Furthermore, the most striking difference of the deep-sea cluster 2 representatives demonstrated a striking difference with other gammaproteobacterial MOB in its lack of a calcium dependent methanol dehydrogenase encoded in the genome. The genome solely contained the genes for xoxF5 for the lanthanide-containing methanol dehydrogenase.Lastly, a preservation protocol was optimized for the long term storage of marine bacteria in order to successfully store the enrichments and axenic cultures obtained throughout this dissertation. Fastidious nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were used as model organisms. They demonstrated that optimal preservation conditions were strain-dependent whereby marine strains, appeared to be more sensitive to freezing than non-marine strains. Nevertheless, a general cryopreservation protocol using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotective agent with or without ten-fold diluted trypticase soy broth and trehalose as a preservation medium allowed successful preservation of all tested strains. Applying the same protocol on whole marine sediment samples allowed successful storage of different key players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle.In conclusion marine MOBs are notoriously difficult to cultivate and isolate. Despite numerous attempts, I was only able obtain one axenic culture, in addition to over 200 enrichment cultures, from the oxygenated zones of North Sea sediments. The availability of a successful preservation protocol allows the storage of this axenic culture, ensuring that novel diversity does not get lost, but also further guaranties archiving of the obtained enrichment cultures and environmental samples. As such these are available for future isolation when novel insights in marine MOB and isolation strategies/techniques become available.

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    Open Marine Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Depestele, Jochen;
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    Authors: Vanoppen, Marjolein; Derese, Sebastiaan; Bakelants, Annelise; Verliefde, Arne;

    Supplying fresh, potable water to an ever increasing world population is becoming a major challenge. One possibility is to produce fresh water from seawater by Reverse Osmosis (RO), a process that is very energy intensive. To reduce the energy demand of this process, osmotic dilution (OD)/osmotic energy recovery (OER) systems can be used as pre-treatment. Both Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and their non energy-producing counterparts short-circuited RED/ Forward Osmosis (scRED/FO) and assisted RED/FO (ARED/AFO) were modelled as OD/OER devices for RO, in a thermodynamic way. Different mixing ratios of impaired versus salt water (0.5, 1 and 2) were compared at a realistic RO recovery of 50%. A realistic approach for the RED/PRO-RO hybrid process was also modelled incorporating some major losses, to gain a more realistic insight into its possibilities. The thermodynamic modelling revealed that a significant reduction of the SEC is possible with all hybrid processes. The reduction in SEC is less for the non energy-producing systems, but these have the added advantage of requiring a lower membrane area to achieve a similar extent of seawater dilution. From preliminary results of the more realistic modelling, it seems that RED-RO scores better when losses are incorporated. Further thermodynamic and realistic modelling will focus on different RO recoveries, capital cost calculations based on membrane requirements and sensitivity analysis of the different parameters implemented.

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    Authors: Devolder, Brecht; Troch, Peter; Rauwoens, Pieter;
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    Authors: Bayissa, Tokuma Negisho;

    Aquatic food production plays a pivotal role in providing food, nutrition, employment, recreation, trade and economic well-being for people throughout the world, for present and future generations. It offers a life-changing opportunity for the hundreds of millions of undernourished people around the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, aquatic food production is one of the candidate sectors recently foreseen as fortification of nutrient-sensitive agriculture. Aquaculture is continuously increasing worldwide to meet the global market demand for fish and fishery products, driven by the increasing human population and over-exploitation of wild capture fisheries. Though overexploitation of wild capture fisheries has been reported, still it dominates the fish supply in Africa, and aquaculture production in the continent contributes an insignificant percentage. To sustain aquatic food production, there would be a diversifying option of fish species and parts used for human consumption (Chapter 1). People have never consumed as much fish nor depended so much on the aquatic food products for their livelihoods. As a matter of fact, micronutrient deficiency is affecting most developing countries. In such condition, diet shift towards diverse fish species could be a sensible remedy for micronutrient deficient nations. In Ethiopia, both capture and culture fisheries are focusing on a relatively narrow diversity of fish species, which likely underutilizes the nation’s aquatic resources for food and nutrition provision, because fish species vary considerably in their nutrient composition and density. Given the wide diversity of aquatic life, fish nutritive value, especially mineral concentrations could be influenced by various factors, such as species, habitat, climate, and tissue characteristics (metabolic activity and homeostasis). Therefore, investigating the impact of these factors in nutritive value, essential and non-essential mineral concentrations in different fish species and tissues is paramount in the aquaculture sector development. The general aim of this PhD thesis thus was to investigate the impact of species, tissues and ecosystem on the nutrient metabolism and nutritive value of fish as part of a nutrition- sensitive agriculture (Chapter 2). Bayissa T.N. 2021 179 Fish nutrient deficiency should not occur when diets have been formulated and prepared based on the species’ requirement. However, some commercially available diets for another species may sometimes be used in the absence of a suitable formulation, resulting in deficiencies. Chapter 3 compared micromineral (Fe, Zn and Cu) homeostasis across ten ornamental fish species. Ten different species of live ornamental fish were randomly sampled from one big aquarium in a pet store in Belgium. All fish samples were dissected manually for the collection of targeted tissues and analyzed for the above mentioned microminerals. In general, muscle tissue showed the lowest concentrations for each of the three microminerals in all species, still with important variation among species. Fe was associated with Cu in muscle tissue (p < 0.05), but neither of them were associated with Zn in the muscle. However, the three micromineral concentrations were correlated in the heart (p < 0.05). Similarly, all of them were correlated in the liver (p < 0.05), but none of them showed a significant association in the tail fin. Excess deposition of minerals in heart tissue is a new observation, and it is not known if this is meant as storage or rather the fish heart has a high requirement for microminerals. Storage in the tail fin should be interpreted as a sign of permanent deposition as a tool to dispose of toxic excess. The lack of correlation between the muscular concentrations of Zn on the one hand, and those of Fe and Cu on the other hand, further suggests that fish species distinctly differ in their micromineral metabolism. Although this exploratory study still leaves many questions unanswered, it points to the large diversity in micromineral metabolism among fish species. Consequently, Chapter 4, aimed to evaluate the macronutrient and mineral composition of whole fish (Labeobarbus intermedius, Garra quadrimaculata) and fillet (Oreochromis niloticus, Labeobarbus intermedius) from the same water body. A total of 64 fish samples were collected from Gilgel Gibe reservoir, Ethiopia, and analyzed for its macronutrient and mineral composition. The proximate composition and mineral contents of fillets and whole body samples were determined. The whole fish showed a much higher fat and ash percentage than the fillets (p<0.05). The fillets contained a Bayissa T.N. 2021 180 much higher protein concentration than the whole fish (p<0.05). The higher Ca: P ratios in whole fish compared to fillet in our study confirms the importance for a healthy human skeletal development, especially in diets where Ca is typically lacking. Whole Garra appeared to be containing important trace elements such as zinc and iron, a feature that was not found to the same extent in the whole Labeobarbus. These differences may find its origin in the feeding pattern of these fish species in the reservoir. The advantage of benthic species such as Garra to enrich the human diet with essential minerals may, however, coincide with the accumulation of toxic heavy metals as a potential result of soil erosion. In natural conditions, the distribution of minerals can vary with the local activity (farming, industrial, or urban activity) that limits the resealing rate of effluents into the nearby aquatic environment. The accumulation and distribution of beneficial and toxic trace elements in fish tissues can be affected by the mineral load in its environment and diet, which, in turn, will be a reflection of soil composition and geological events, such as soil erosion. In Chapter 5, a study was aimed to evaluate the differences in mineral and toxic trace element concentrations of Nile tilapia tissues from three aquatic ecosystems in Ethiopia namely, Lake Ziway, Lake Langano, and Gilgel Gibe reservoir with a focus on edible (fillet) and discarded (digestive tract, gills, skin, and liver) parts. From each lake, twenty Nile tilapia samples were collected, dissected for the targeted tissues and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All elements varied markedly among tissues and between the lakes. Some differences in element concentrations were attributed to differences in nutrient load in the ecosystems and the function of the tissues. For instance, the calcium concentrations in skin and gill were distinctly higher in fish from calcium-rich Lake Langano. The discarded parts were richer in essential trace elements, showing an opportunity to promote their use in human nutrition to increase the intake of important minerals. However, the accumulation of elements toxic to humans, such as aluminum, should be monitored and controlled when rearing these fish in aquaculture. Bayissa T.N. 2021 181 A natural aquatic ecosystem harbors a diversity of factors, making it hard to identify the most limiting factors for fish development and body composition. In Chapter 6, study was conducted to explore how metabolite analysis can mechanistically explain differences in tissue composition and size of Nile tilapia from different habitats. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples of Nile tilapia were collected from three Ethiopian lakes (Gilgel Gibe, Ziway, and Langano) and analysed for the carnitine esters and free amino acids. Metabolite ratios were calculated from relevant biochemical pathways that could identify relative changes in nutrient metabolism. Marked differences were observed in Nile tilapia metabolic activity between the lakes. For instance, the lower body weight and body condition of the fish in Lake Langano coincided with several metabolite ratios pointing to a low flow of glucogenic substrate to the citric acid cycle. In the Gilgel Gibe fish, the metabolic markers for lipogenesis and metabolic rate could explain the high fat concentration in several parts of the body. The nutrition-related blood metabolite ratios are useful to understand the underlying metabolic events leading to the habitatdependent differences in growth of Nile tilapia, and by extension, other species. In conclusion (Chapter 7), this thesis demonstrates the potential for targeted enrichment of the human diet with minerals and other nutrients through fish. Apart from the fish diet and environment, the choice of the fish species and which parts are eaten are available strategies to that end. Whole blood metabolic profiling in fish showed to be a valuable tool to facilitate and speed up the evaluation of these strategies.

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