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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mariana, Belgiu; Lucian, Dr Guţ; Josef, Strobl;

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

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    Authors: Theurl, Michaela; Haberl, Helmut; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Lindenthal, Thomas;

    International audience; Transport from regional production requires less fossil fuel and thus produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, policies fostering the production of regional goods support rural development. Tomato consumption has increased fast in Europe over the last decade. Intensive production techniques such as heated greenhouses and long-distance transport overcome seasonal constraints in order to provide year-round fresh goods. However, studies that evaluate seasonal and off-season production are scarce. Here, we analyzed the carbon footprint of tomato production systems in Austria, Spain, and Italy using a life cycle approach. We collected data from four main supply chains ending at the point of sale in an average Austrian supermarket. We aimed to identify hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production, heating, packaging, processing, and transport. Our results show that imported tomatoes from Spain and Italy have two times lower greenhouse gas emissions than those produced in Austria in capital-intensive heated systems. On the contrary, tomatoes from Spain and Italy were found to have 3.7 to 4.7 times higher greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to less-intensive organic production systems in Austria. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions from tomato production highly depend on the production system such as the prevalence or absence of heating.

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    Authors: Maria Niedertscheider; Simone Gingrich; Karl-Heinz Erb;

    The interrelation between land-use change and socioeconomic changes is complex and highly dynamic. We here present an assessment of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in Republic of South Africa (RSA) between 1961 and 2006. HANPP is an integrated socio-ecological accounting framework that traces changes in ecosystems resulting from anthropogenic activities (harvest and land conversions) and allows to study ecological, social and economic driving forces and constraints of long-term land-use changes. We use South Africa, with its history of the rise and collapse of the Apartheid regime, as an example for an analysis of HANPP trajectories in the background of major governance shifts, and base our analysis on the best available statistical datasets, specific analyses and model results. Surprisingly, land cover as well as HANPP in the RSA remained relatively constant between 1961 and 2006, with HANPP values oscillating between 21 and 25% and of the potential NPP. However, through our analysis of the components of HANPP and their interrelations, striking turning points throughout the last five decades become evident. This allows us to discern three distinct periods, each of the phases characterized by distinct HANPP trajectories. Throughout the entire period, a trend of decoupling of HANPP from population growth could be achieved through considerable gains in land-use efficiency. The HANPP analysis reveals that this prevailing trend of increasing land-use efficiency, based on technological improvements and biomass trade, came to a halt in the ‘crisis’ phase and immediately recovered afterwards.

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    Regional Environmental Change
    Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Regional Environmental Change
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      Regional Environmental Change
      Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Regional Environmental Change
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    Authors: Thomas Kastner; Karl-Heinz Erb; Helmut Haberl;

    Summary The ongoing globalization process strengthens the connections between different geographic regions through trade. Biomass products, such as food, fiber, or bioenergy, are increasingly traded globally, thereby leading to telecouplings between distant, seemingly unrelated regions. For example, restrictions for agricultural production or changes in bioenergy demand in Europe or the United States might contribute to deforestation in Latin America or Sub‐Saharan Africa. One approach to analyze trade‐related land‐use effects of the global socioeconomic biomass metabolism is the “embodied human appropriation of net primary production” or eHANPP. eHANPP accounts allocate to any product the entire amount of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) that emerges throughout its supply chain. This allows consumption‐based accounts to move beyond simple area‐demand approaches by taking differences in natural productivity as well as in land‐use intensity into account, both across land‐use types as well as across world regions. In this article, we discuss the eHANPP related to the European Union's (EU) consumption of biomass products in the period 1986–2007, based on a consistent global trade data set derived from bilateral data. We find a considerable dependency of the EU on the appropriation of biological productivity outside its own boundaries, with increasing reliance on Latin America as a main supplier. By using the EU as an illustrative example, we demonstrate the usefulness of eHANPP for assessing land‐use impacts caused by nations’ socioeconomic activities and conclude that the eHANPP approach can provide useful information to better manage ecosystems globally in the face of an increasingly interconnected world.

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    Authors: Katrianne Lehtipalo; Linda Rondo; Jenni Kontkanen; Siegfried Schobesberger; +65 Authors

    The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere. The growth rates of freshly formed aerosol particles influence what fraction of these can reach sizes large enough to affect cloud formation and climate. Here, the authors show that the nano-particle growth in a sulphuric acid containing system can be enhanced by the presence of ions or small acid-base clusters.

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    Nature Communications
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      CERN Document Server
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      Nature Communications
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    Authors: Anneliese Müller; Kathrin Rychli; Meryem Muhterem-Uyar; Andreas Zaiser; +5 Authors

    peer-reviewed Controlling the food-borne pathogen Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is of great importance from a food safety perspective, and thus for human health. The consequences of failures in this regard have been exemplified by recent large listeriosis outbreaks in the USA and Europe. It is thus particularly notable that tolerance to quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride (BC) has been observed in many L. monocytogenes strains. However, the molecular determinants and mechanisms of BC tolerance of L. monocytogenes are still largely unknown. Here we describe Tn6188, a novel transposon in L. monocytogenes conferring tolerance to BC. Tn6188 is related to Tn554 from Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and other Tn554-like transposons such as Tn558, Tn559 and Tn5406 found in various Firmicutes. Tn6188 comprises 5117 bp, is integrated chromosomally within the radC gene and consists of three transposase genes (tnpABC) as well as genes encoding a putative transcriptional regulator and QacH, a small multidrug resistance protein family (SMR) transporter putatively associated with export of BC that shows high amino acid identity to Smr/QacC from S. aureus and to EmrE from Escherichia coli. We screened 91 L. monocytogenes strains for the presence of Tn6188 by PCR and found Tn6188 in 10 of the analyzed strains. These isolates were from food and food processing environments and predominantly from serovar 1/2a. L. monocytogenes strains harboring Tn6188 had significantly higher BC minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (28.5 ± 4.7 mg/l) than strains without Tn6188 (14 ± 3.2 mg/l). Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR we could show a significant increase in qacH expression in the presence of BC. QacH deletion mutants were generated in two L. monocytogenes strains and growth analysis revealed that ΔqacH strains had lower BC MICs than wildtype strains. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that Tn6188 is responsible for BC tolerance in various L. monocytogenes strains. This work was supported by a grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, http://www.fwf.ac.at/) to SSE (grant no. P22703‐B17), by the European Union funded integrated project BIOTRACER (contract no. 036272) under the 6th RTD framework and by the EU grant FP7‐KBBE‐2010‐4 (FOODSEG).

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    PLoS ONE
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    Other literature type . Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lucian Dragut; Mariana Belgiu;

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

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    Authors: Verburg, P.H.; Mertz, O.; Erb, K.H.; Haberl, H.; +1 Authors

    Land system changes are central to the food security challenge. Land system science can contribute to sustainable solutions by an integrated analysis of land availability and the assessment of the tradeoffs associated with agricultural expansion and land use intensification. A land system perspective requires local studies of production systems to be contextualised in a regional and global context, while global assessments should be confronted with local realities. Understanding of land governance structures will help to support the development of land use policies and tenure systems that assist in designing more sustainable ways of intensification. Novel land systems should be designed that are adapted to the local context and framed within the global socio-ecological system. Such land systems should explicitly account for the role of land governance as a primary driver of land system change and food production. Highlights • Land system science plays a key role in the food security challenge. • Land availability and intensification potential require a nuanced assessment. • The role of land tenure and governance systems in food supply requires more attention. • Increased food production requires both agronomic innovations and the design of novel land systems.

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    Authors: Helmut Haberl; Christoph Plutzar; Karlheinz Erb;

    The future bioenergy crop potential depends on (1) changes in the food system (food demand, agricultural technology), (2) political stability and investment security, (3) biodiversity conservation, (4) avoidance of long carbon payback times from deforestation, and (5) energy crop yields. Using a biophysical biomass-balance model, we analyze how these factors affect global primary bioenergy potentials in 2050. The model calculates biomass supply and demand balances for eleven world regions, eleven food categories, seven food crop types and two livestock categories, integrating agricultural forecasts and scenarios with a consistent global land use and NPP database. The TREND scenario results in a global primary bioenergy potential of 77 EJ/yr, alternative assumptions on food-system changes result in a range of 26–141 EJ/yr. Exclusion of areas for biodiversity conservation and inaccessible land in failed states reduces the bioenergy potential by up to 45%. Optimistic assumptions on future energy crop yields increase the potential by up to 48%, while pessimistic assumptions lower the potential by 26%. We conclude that the design of sustainable bioenergy crop production policies needs to resolve difficult trade-offs such as food vs. energy supply, renewable energy vs. biodiversity conservation or yield growth vs. reduction of environmental problems of intensive agriculture.

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    Energy Policy; OpenAPC Global Initiative
    Article . Conference object . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Policy; OpenAPC Global Initiative
      Article . Conference object . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Erb, Karl-Heinz;

    The quantity and quality of land use directly and indirectly relates to many “grand challenges” in sustainability science (Vitousek, 1997; Rindfuss et al., 2004; Global Land Project, 2005; Steffen et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2007). Land use is a major driver for habitat encroachment and biodiversity loss (Sala et al., 2000), for the alterations of global biogeochemical cycles (Gruber and Galloway, 2008; Postel et al., 1996; Vitousek et al., 1997) and for soil degradation (Lal, 2004). Changes in land use and subsequent changes in land cover play a central role in the global carbon cycle and significantly contribute to anthropogenic climate change (Brovkin et al., 2004; Canadell et al., 2007; McGuire et al., 2001; Watson et al., 2000). On the other hand, land use provides the nutritional basis for humans and thus of any socioeconomic system, and is intrinsically linked to food security (Ayres, 2007; Foley et al., 2005; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Research on global land use has a long tradition, reaching back to the work of G.P. Marsh (1865) and A. Von Humboldt (1849). It gained momentum in sustainability research in the mid-1970s, when the impact of land use on the global surface albedo was recognized (Lambin et al., 2006). Since then, many aspects of land use have been assessed, quantified and mapped across spatio-temporal scales. Two aspects of land use changes can be distinguished: (a) Changes in land cover, i.e. alterations of biophysical characteristics of the Earth's surface, e.g. by expansion or contraction of a certain land use type; a prominent example would be the expansion of agricultural fields into pristine forests. (b) Changes in land use intensity, denoting changes in the levels of socioeconomic inputs (e.g., labour, resources, water, energy or capital) and/or altered output (value or quantity) per unit area and time. Changes in intensity need not result in changes in land cover, but cause ecological changes within the same land cover type. Increasing land use intensity stands in an inverse relation to land expansion for increasing production. Consequently, a major effect of intensification may be to “spare” land, e.g. for wilderness conservation, by concentrating production on other areas (Tilman, 2001). Indeed, this effect is often assumed to be essential for many sustainability aspects, as it allows to reduce area demand and avoid considerable carbon emissions from deforestation (Burney et al., 2010) or habitat encroachment (Green et al., 2005). In the future, safeguarding the land-sparing effect of intensification could become decisive, given the rising nutritional and energy demands of a growing world population, and the concomitant need to protect the shrinking untouched habitats of the Earth, rich in biodiversity and carbon. Moreover, many policies that aim at harnessing land use for the goals of climate change mitigation, such as strategies aimed at expanding bioenergy production, or at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), will probably not be effective without the land sparing effect of intensification. On the other hand, many technologies required for intensification are associated with detrimental ecological impacts, such as the accumulation of toxins in food, ecosystem and soil degradation, groundwater and air pollution, or biodiversity loss (IAASTD, 2009; Matson et al., 1997; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; Tilman, 2001). Such processes negatively affect the ability of ecosystems to sustain vital ecosystem services, thereby running the risk of jeopardizing human well-being in the long run (Foley et al., 2005). Thus, it will become imperative to find ways of sustainable intensification (Tilman et al., 2002) that allow reaping its land-sparing benefits while at the same time avoiding the detrimental social and ecological effects. However, the interrelation between intensification and expansion of land use is far from trivial. Empirical analyses of Rudel et al. (2009) on the interrelation between past trajectories in cropland expansion and intensification resulted in inconclusive findings. At the national scale, land use intensification was paired with a decline or stasis in cropland area between 1970 and 2005 only in countries that “externalized” agricultural production (e.g. grain imports) or preserved land with explicit land conservation programs (Rudel et al., 2009). These counterintuitive findings may be explained not only by large data gaps and uncertainties (Grainger, 2009), but also by feedback loops of higher order, such as a rebound effect of consumption to increased production, that overcompensated the land-sparing effect (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). This altogether casts doubts on the straightforward interpretations or scenario-based extrapolations of the beneficial effects of land intensification strategies. These feedback loops of land transitions are active across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales (Global Land Project, 2005; Lambin and Geist, 2005; Bennett and Balvanera, 2007; Erb et al., 2009b; Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). To take such feedbacks into account is indispensable, but it poses a formidable challenge to land change science (Turner et al., 2007), as it requires innovative methods and new perspectives that allow for the construction of sound causal chains between the various factors, mechanisms, determinants and constraints that underpin land-use intensification processes. In this commentary, I discuss the potential contribution of an extension of the socioeconomic metabolism concept (Ayers and Simonis, 1994; Ayres, 1989; Fischer-Kowalski and Huttler, 1998) by accounts that create an integrated picture of socio-ecological flows (Erb et al., 2008; Haberl et al., 2004; Krausmann et al., 2004) to global land system science. Such an approach could help to develop an analytical framework for conceptualizing and reporting on the complex, systemic interactions related to land use intensification, including feedbacks between production and consumption. It thus might give guidance for data collection and analysis, and so enhance the understanding of the interplay between land expansion and intensification.

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    Authors: Mariana, Belgiu; Lucian, Dr Guţ; Josef, Strobl;

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Theurl, Michaela; Haberl, Helmut; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Lindenthal, Thomas;

    International audience; Transport from regional production requires less fossil fuel and thus produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, policies fostering the production of regional goods support rural development. Tomato consumption has increased fast in Europe over the last decade. Intensive production techniques such as heated greenhouses and long-distance transport overcome seasonal constraints in order to provide year-round fresh goods. However, studies that evaluate seasonal and off-season production are scarce. Here, we analyzed the carbon footprint of tomato production systems in Austria, Spain, and Italy using a life cycle approach. We collected data from four main supply chains ending at the point of sale in an average Austrian supermarket. We aimed to identify hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production, heating, packaging, processing, and transport. Our results show that imported tomatoes from Spain and Italy have two times lower greenhouse gas emissions than those produced in Austria in capital-intensive heated systems. On the contrary, tomatoes from Spain and Italy were found to have 3.7 to 4.7 times higher greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to less-intensive organic production systems in Austria. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions from tomato production highly depend on the production system such as the prevalence or absence of heating.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomy for Sustain...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maria Niedertscheider; Simone Gingrich; Karl-Heinz Erb;

    The interrelation between land-use change and socioeconomic changes is complex and highly dynamic. We here present an assessment of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in Republic of South Africa (RSA) between 1961 and 2006. HANPP is an integrated socio-ecological accounting framework that traces changes in ecosystems resulting from anthropogenic activities (harvest and land conversions) and allows to study ecological, social and economic driving forces and constraints of long-term land-use changes. We use South Africa, with its history of the rise and collapse of the Apartheid regime, as an example for an analysis of HANPP trajectories in the background of major governance shifts, and base our analysis on the best available statistical datasets, specific analyses and model results. Surprisingly, land cover as well as HANPP in the RSA remained relatively constant between 1961 and 2006, with HANPP values oscillating between 21 and 25% and of the potential NPP. However, through our analysis of the components of HANPP and their interrelations, striking turning points throughout the last five decades become evident. This allows us to discern three distinct periods, each of the phases characterized by distinct HANPP trajectories. Throughout the entire period, a trend of decoupling of HANPP from population growth could be achieved through considerable gains in land-use efficiency. The HANPP analysis reveals that this prevailing trend of increasing land-use efficiency, based on technological improvements and biomass trade, came to a halt in the ‘crisis’ phase and immediately recovered afterwards.

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    Regional Environmental Change
    Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Regional Environmental Change
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Regional Environment...arrow_drop_down
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      Regional Environmental Change
      Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Regional Environmental Change
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Thomas Kastner; Karl-Heinz Erb; Helmut Haberl;

    Summary The ongoing globalization process strengthens the connections between different geographic regions through trade. Biomass products, such as food, fiber, or bioenergy, are increasingly traded globally, thereby leading to telecouplings between distant, seemingly unrelated regions. For example, restrictions for agricultural production or changes in bioenergy demand in Europe or the United States might contribute to deforestation in Latin America or Sub‐Saharan Africa. One approach to analyze trade‐related land‐use effects of the global socioeconomic biomass metabolism is the “embodied human appropriation of net primary production” or eHANPP. eHANPP accounts allocate to any product the entire amount of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) that emerges throughout its supply chain. This allows consumption‐based accounts to move beyond simple area‐demand approaches by taking differences in natural productivity as well as in land‐use intensity into account, both across land‐use types as well as across world regions. In this article, we discuss the eHANPP related to the European Union's (EU) consumption of biomass products in the period 1986–2007, based on a consistent global trade data set derived from bilateral data. We find a considerable dependency of the EU on the appropriation of biological productivity outside its own boundaries, with increasing reliance on Latin America as a main supplier. By using the EU as an illustrative example, we demonstrate the usefulness of eHANPP for assessing land‐use impacts caused by nations’ socioeconomic activities and conclude that the eHANPP approach can provide useful information to better manage ecosystems globally in the face of an increasingly interconnected world.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Katrianne Lehtipalo; Linda Rondo; Jenni Kontkanen; Siegfried Schobesberger; +65 Authors

    The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere. The growth rates of freshly formed aerosol particles influence what fraction of these can reach sizes large enough to affect cloud formation and climate. Here, the authors show that the nano-particle growth in a sulphuric acid containing system can be enhanced by the presence of ions or small acid-base clusters.

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    CERN Document Server
    Other literature type . 2016
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    Nature Communications
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Permanent Hosting, A...arrow_drop_down
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      CERN Document Server
      Other literature type . 2016
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      Nature Communications
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    Authors: Anneliese Müller; Kathrin Rychli; Meryem Muhterem-Uyar; Andreas Zaiser; +5 Authors

    peer-reviewed Controlling the food-borne pathogen Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is of great importance from a food safety perspective, and thus for human health. The consequences of failures in this regard have been exemplified by recent large listeriosis outbreaks in the USA and Europe. It is thus particularly notable that tolerance to quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride (BC) has been observed in many L. monocytogenes strains. However, the molecular determinants and mechanisms of BC tolerance of L. monocytogenes are still largely unknown. Here we describe Tn6188, a novel transposon in L. monocytogenes conferring tolerance to BC. Tn6188 is related to Tn554 from Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and other Tn554-like transposons such as Tn558, Tn559 and Tn5406 found in various Firmicutes. Tn6188 comprises 5117 bp, is integrated chromosomally within the radC gene and consists of three transposase genes (tnpABC) as well as genes encoding a putative transcriptional regulator and QacH, a small multidrug resistance protein family (SMR) transporter putatively associated with export of BC that shows high amino acid identity to Smr/QacC from S. aureus and to EmrE from Escherichia coli. We screened 91 L. monocytogenes strains for the presence of Tn6188 by PCR and found Tn6188 in 10 of the analyzed strains. These isolates were from food and food processing environments and predominantly from serovar 1/2a. L. monocytogenes strains harboring Tn6188 had significantly higher BC minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (28.5 ± 4.7 mg/l) than strains without Tn6188 (14 ± 3.2 mg/l). Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR we could show a significant increase in qacH expression in the presence of BC. QacH deletion mutants were generated in two L. monocytogenes strains and growth analysis revealed that ΔqacH strains had lower BC MICs than wildtype strains. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that Tn6188 is responsible for BC tolerance in various L. monocytogenes strains. This work was supported by a grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, http://www.fwf.ac.at/) to SSE (grant no. P22703‐B17), by the European Union funded integrated project BIOTRACER (contract no. 036272) under the 6th RTD framework and by the EU grant FP7‐KBBE‐2010‐4 (FOODSEG).

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    Authors: Lucian Dragut; Mariana Belgiu;

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

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    Authors: Verburg, P.H.; Mertz, O.; Erb, K.H.; Haberl, H.; +1 Authors

    Land system changes are central to the food security challenge. Land system science can contribute to sustainable solutions by an integrated analysis of land availability and the assessment of the tradeoffs associated with agricultural expansion and land use intensification. A land system perspective requires local studies of production systems to be contextualised in a regional and global context, while global assessments should be confronted with local realities. Understanding of land governance structures will help to support the development of land use policies and tenure systems that assist in designing more sustainable ways of intensification. Novel land systems should be designed that are adapted to the local context and framed within the global socio-ecological system. Such land systems should explicitly account for the role of land governance as a primary driver of land system change and food production. Highlights • Land system science plays a key role in the food security challenge. • Land availability and intensification potential require a nuanced assessment. • The role of land tenure and governance systems in food supply requires more attention. • Increased food production requires both agronomic innovations and the design of novel land systems.

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    Authors: Helmut Haberl; Christoph Plutzar; Karlheinz Erb;

    The future bioenergy crop potential depends on (1) changes in the food system (food demand, agricultural technology), (2) political stability and investment security, (3) biodiversity conservation, (4) avoidance of long carbon payback times from deforestation, and (5) energy crop yields. Using a biophysical biomass-balance model, we analyze how these factors affect global primary bioenergy potentials in 2050. The model calculates biomass supply and demand balances for eleven world regions, eleven food categories, seven food crop types and two livestock categories, integrating agricultural forecasts and scenarios with a consistent global land use and NPP database. The TREND scenario results in a global primary bioenergy potential of 77 EJ/yr, alternative assumptions on food-system changes result in a range of 26–141 EJ/yr. Exclusion of areas for biodiversity conservation and inaccessible land in failed states reduces the bioenergy potential by up to 45%. Optimistic assumptions on future energy crop yields increase the potential by up to 48%, while pessimistic assumptions lower the potential by 26%. We conclude that the design of sustainable bioenergy crop production policies needs to resolve difficult trade-offs such as food vs. energy supply, renewable energy vs. biodiversity conservation or yield growth vs. reduction of environmental problems of intensive agriculture.

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    Energy Policy; OpenAPC Global Initiative
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      Energy Policy; OpenAPC Global Initiative
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    Authors: Erb, Karl-Heinz;

    The quantity and quality of land use directly and indirectly relates to many “grand challenges” in sustainability science (Vitousek, 1997; Rindfuss et al., 2004; Global Land Project, 2005; Steffen et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2007). Land use is a major driver for habitat encroachment and biodiversity loss (Sala et al., 2000), for the alterations of global biogeochemical cycles (Gruber and Galloway, 2008; Postel et al., 1996; Vitousek et al., 1997) and for soil degradation (Lal, 2004). Changes in land use and subsequent changes in land cover play a central role in the global carbon cycle and significantly contribute to anthropogenic climate change (Brovkin et al., 2004; Canadell et al., 2007; McGuire et al., 2001; Watson et al., 2000). On the other hand, land use provides the nutritional basis for humans and thus of any socioeconomic system, and is intrinsically linked to food security (Ayres, 2007; Foley et al., 2005; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Research on global land use has a long tradition, reaching back to the work of G.P. Marsh (1865) and A. Von Humboldt (1849). It gained momentum in sustainability research in the mid-1970s, when the impact of land use on the global surface albedo was recognized (Lambin et al., 2006). Since then, many aspects of land use have been assessed, quantified and mapped across spatio-temporal scales. Two aspects of land use changes can be distinguished: (a) Changes in land cover, i.e. alterations of biophysical characteristics of the Earth's surface, e.g. by expansion or contraction of a certain land use type; a prominent example would be the expansion of agricultural fields into pristine forests. (b) Changes in land use intensity, denoting changes in the levels of socioeconomic inputs (e.g., labour, resources, water, energy or capital) and/or altered output (value or quantity) per unit area and time. Changes in intensity need not result in changes in land cover, but cause ecological changes within the same land cover type. Increasing land use intensity stands in an inverse relation to land expansion for increasing production. Consequently, a major effect of intensification may be to “spare” land, e.g. for wilderness conservation, by concentrating production on other areas (Tilman, 2001). Indeed, this effect is often assumed to be essential for many sustainability aspects, as it allows to reduce area demand and avoid considerable carbon emissions from deforestation (Burney et al., 2010) or habitat encroachment (Green et al., 2005). In the future, safeguarding the land-sparing effect of intensification could become decisive, given the rising nutritional and energy demands of a growing world population, and the concomitant need to protect the shrinking untouched habitats of the Earth, rich in biodiversity and carbon. Moreover, many policies that aim at harnessing land use for the goals of climate change mitigation, such as strategies aimed at expanding bioenergy production, or at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), will probably not be effective without the land sparing effect of intensification. On the other hand, many technologies required for intensification are associated with detrimental ecological impacts, such as the accumulation of toxins in food, ecosystem and soil degradation, groundwater and air pollution, or biodiversity loss (IAASTD, 2009; Matson et al., 1997; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; Tilman, 2001). Such processes negatively affect the ability of ecosystems to sustain vital ecosystem services, thereby running the risk of jeopardizing human well-being in the long run (Foley et al., 2005). Thus, it will become imperative to find ways of sustainable intensification (Tilman et al., 2002) that allow reaping its land-sparing benefits while at the same time avoiding the detrimental social and ecological effects. However, the interrelation between intensification and expansion of land use is far from trivial. Empirical analyses of Rudel et al. (2009) on the interrelation between past trajectories in cropland expansion and intensification resulted in inconclusive findings. At the national scale, land use intensification was paired with a decline or stasis in cropland area between 1970 and 2005 only in countries that “externalized” agricultural production (e.g. grain imports) or preserved land with explicit land conservation programs (Rudel et al., 2009). These counterintuitive findings may be explained not only by large data gaps and uncertainties (Grainger, 2009), but also by feedback loops of higher order, such as a rebound effect of consumption to increased production, that overcompensated the land-sparing effect (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). This altogether casts doubts on the straightforward interpretations or scenario-based extrapolations of the beneficial effects of land intensification strategies. These feedback loops of land transitions are active across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales (Global Land Project, 2005; Lambin and Geist, 2005; Bennett and Balvanera, 2007; Erb et al., 2009b; Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). To take such feedbacks into account is indispensable, but it poses a formidable challenge to land change science (Turner et al., 2007), as it requires innovative methods and new perspectives that allow for the construction of sound causal chains between the various factors, mechanisms, determinants and constraints that underpin land-use intensification processes. In this commentary, I discuss the potential contribution of an extension of the socioeconomic metabolism concept (Ayers and Simonis, 1994; Ayres, 1989; Fischer-Kowalski and Huttler, 1998) by accounts that create an integrated picture of socio-ecological flows (Erb et al., 2008; Haberl et al., 2004; Krausmann et al., 2004) to global land system science. Such an approach could help to develop an analytical framework for conceptualizing and reporting on the complex, systemic interactions related to land use intensification, including feedbacks between production and consumption. It thus might give guidance for data collection and analysis, and so enhance the understanding of the interplay between land expansion and intensification.

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