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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    NARCIS
    Report . 1983
    Data sources: NARCIS
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      NARCIS
      Report . 1983
      Data sources: NARCIS
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: C.J.G. van Damme; Imares Onderzoeksformatie; S.W. Verver;

    Het onderhouden en ontwikkelen van de kernexpertises, welke nodig zijn voor het uitvoeren van de wettelijke taken van Nederland op het gebied van visserij monitoring en advisering, vormt de basis van het KB WOT Visserij programma. Het is een flexibel programma dat probeert in te spelen op veranderingen in de WOT behoeften, maar ook aanpassingen in het visserij beleid en beheer. Het KB WOT Visserij programma is daarnaast ook innovatief om te kunnen inspelen en deelnemen in wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen. Het programma wordt uitgevoerd binnen de kaders van de Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), de EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) en de EU Maritime Policy. Het KB WOT Visserij programma wordt jaarlijks vastgesteld rond een aantal thema’s. Het programma van 2016 startte met14 projecten. Binnen een project was het niet mogelijk om alle geplande activiteiten uit te voeren. Met het vrijgekomen budget een nieuw project gestart waarin een nieuwe tool ontworpen en gemaakt is voor de monitoring van de vangst aan boord van kotters. De 18 projecten zijn verder succesvol uitgevoerd. Het KB WOT programma was in 2016 gericht op onderzoek naar het in kaart brengen van de zeebodem, ontwikkeling van middelen voor het monitoren van vangsten aan boord van commerciële schepen, data opslag en toegankelijkheid en het ontwikkelen van methoden voor bepaling van de grootte van vis- en scheldierbestanden. De kern van het programma is de ontwikkeling en het onderhouden van de kern expertises welke noodzakelijk zijn voor het WOT Visserij programma. Een groot deel van het budget is dan ook besteed aan projecten voor het standaardiseren van leeftijdsbepaling van vis, vis en schelpdier monitoring en de ontwikkeling van visserij akoestische technieken. Dit zijn onderwerpen die essentieel zijn voor het behouden van de hoge kwaliteit van assessments en beheer van visbestanden. Van de 18 projecten die in 2016 zijn uitgevoerd, zijn er zes uitgevoerd in samenwerking met instituten binnen, maar ook buiten Europa. Door deze samenwerking wordt er extra waarde bijgedragen, in de vorm van kennis en middelen uit deze andere landen, aan de uitkomsten van het KB WOT Visserij programma. En ander groot deel van het budget van het programma was specifiek ingezet voor internationale samenwerking en uitwisseling van kennis en wetenschap. Dit geeft onderzoekers van Wageningen Marine Research de mogelijkheid in het centrum van wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen en internationaal visserij onderzoek te blijven. In 2016 is er ook veel gepubliceerd binnen het KB WOT programma. Meer dan 20 presentaties zijn gepresenteerd tijdens internationale bijeenkomsten, vergaderingen, workshops en symposia. In totaal zijn er 24 internationale en nationale rapporten geschreven en 9 nieuwe methoden of modellen ontwikkelt. Daarnaast zijn er ook nog 4 peer reviewed wetenschappelijke artikelen gepubliceerd en 1 wetenschappelijk manuscript opgezet. Maintaining and developing the expertises needed to execute the Dutch fisheries monitoring and advice statutory obligations is the core of the KB WOT Fisheries programme. As fisheries management and policy needs, and thus the WOT requirements, change over time, the KB WOT programme needs to be flexible to respond to these changes. The KB WOT programme seeks to be inventive and participate in the fisheries science development, while maintaining the core expertises and flexibility. The programme operates within the context of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the EU Maritime Policy. The KB WOT fisheries programme is established annually and positioned around a number of themes. In 2016 17 projects were originally awarded. However, one project could not meet all the original objectives and with the remaining budget a new project was started on the tool development for monitoring catches on board commercial vessels. The 18 projects within the programme were successfully completed. The focus of the programme in 2016 was on research into mapping the seafloor, development of tools and framework for monitoring catches on board commercial vessels, data storage and accessibility and method development for assessment of marine resources. As the basis of the KB WOT Fisheries is maintaining and developing key expertise for the WOT programme, a considerable part of the funds was used for projects that standardise fish ageing, fish and shellfish monitoring and development of fisheries acoustics techniques and expertise. These subjects are essential for ensuring the high quality of fish stock assessments and management. Of the 18 projects funded in 2016, six were carried out in international collaboration with other institutes in- and outside Europe. These partnerships provide a large amount of added value, since resources and expertise from these other countries contribute to the outcomes of the KB WOT Fisheries programme. Also, a large part of the KB WOT resources is specifically dedicated to international collaboration and exchange of science. This ensures that Wageningen Marine Research researchers remain at the centre of scientific developments and international fisheries research. The programme was also very productive in terms of publications, presentations and developing new methods or tools for fisheries research. Over 20 international presentations were given at meetings, workshops and symposia, and 24 international and national reports were written. 9 new methods or models were developed, 4 peer reviewed publications published and 1 scientific publication prepared

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    Research@WUR; NARCIS
    Report . Other literature type . 2017
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      Report . Other literature type . 2017
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    Heat transfer by means of suitable organic fluids has been applied succesfully in industry. The advantages of these fluids with respect to steam for shipboard application are a.o.: low vapourpressure at relatively high temperatures and no corrosion or erosion of metallic surfaces. Disadvantages are the relatively low specific heat capacíty, the cost price and the inflammability of most of these fluids. Since the physical properties of organic fluids, that determine the heat transfer capacity, vary substantially from those of steam, it is necessary to verify the design calculations of the heating system. In this report a theoretical method is developed for the evaluation of the heating surfaces to be installed in double bottom- and deeptanks of a dry cargo motorship. It is understood that the method should be suitable for designers, who are not familiar with heat transfer calculations. To illustrate the procedure the method is applied to the heating systems of two sisterships under construction for the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company.

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    NARCIS
    Report . 1966
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      NARCIS
      Report . 1966
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    Authors: Rijnsdorp, A.D.; Boute, P.; Tiano, J.; Lankheet, M.; +12 Authors
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    Other literature type . Report . 2020
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    NARCIS
    Report . 2020
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      Other literature type . Report . 2020
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      Report . 2020
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    Authors: Boteler, B.; Abhold, K.; Oosterhuis, F.H.; Fernandez, P; +3 Authors
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    Report . 2015
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      Report . 2015
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    Report . 1979
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      Report . 1979
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    Authors: Ball, Johnathan; Bartolino, Valerio; Bekkevold, D.; Berg, F.; +30 Authors

    The ICES herring assessment working group (HAWG) met online for nine days in March 2023 to assess the state of six herring (Clupea harengus) and three sprat (Sprattus sprattus) stocks. Additionally, HAWG provided advice for eight Sandeel (Ammodytes spp.) in January 2023. The working group conducted update category 1 assessments for four of the herring stocks and category 3 assessments for 2 herring stocks. An analytical assessment was performed for the combined North Sea and Division 3.a sprat, and data limited assessment (ICES category 3) was conducted for English Channel sprat (spr.27.7de). Biennial advice is given for sprat in the Celtic Seas and West of Scotland with advice provided in 2023. North Sea autumn spawning herring (her.27.3a47d). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 1.65 million tonnes while F2–6 in 2021 was estimated at 0.23, which is below FMSY. Recruitment in 2022 is at its highest since 2014, which is expected to contribute positively to SSB levels from 2024 onwards. ICES considers that the stock is still in a low productivity phase. Western Baltic spring-spawning herring (her.27.20-24). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 75,548 tonnes and is below MSY Btrigger, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment has been low since 2007 and has been deteriorating further with time. F3-6 has been decreasing since 2018 and is now week below FMSY (0.31) at 0.05. The stock has decreased consistently during the second half of the 2000s and given the continued low recruitments, the stock is not able to recover above Blim unless a drastic reduction in fishing effort is applied for several years. Celtic Sea autumn and winter spawning stock (her.27.irls). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 16,539 tonnes, though is increasing from its lowest level seen in 2018 (6,474 tonnes), but remains below Blim (34,000 tonnes). F(2-5 rings) in 2022 was estimated at 0.028, having decreased from a peak of 1.16 in 2017. Recruitment has been consistently below average since 2013. Irish Sea autumn spawning herring (her.27.nirs). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 25,900 tonnes and is above MSY Btrigger, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is the highest on record and continues the trend of large incoming year-classes in recent years. F4-6 has been stable between 0.22 and 0.24 since 2006 and is below FMSY (0.266). 6aN autumn spawning herring (her.27.6aN). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 33,283 tonnes using the genetically split, Malin Shelf Herring Acoustic Survey (MSHAS). Whilst SSB has increased since its lowest level in 2019, these numbers of herring are low compared to historical estimates. Indicators show that stock size is above MSY Btrigger proxy and below FMSY proxy. Herring in 6.aS/7.b, c (her.27.6aS7bc). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 147,199 tonnes using the genetically split, Malin Shelf Herring Acoustic Survey (MSHAS) and has been increasing since the lowest point in 2016 (36,707 t). Recent catches are among the lowest in the time series. Fishing pressure on the stock is below FMSY proxy (0.034) and the stock size index is well above MSY Btrigger proxy (51 390 t). Sprat in the North Sea and 3.a (spr.27.3a4). SSB in 2023 was estimated at 206,581 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. F1-2 has been decreasing since 2016, however there are high levels of fluctuation throughout the time series. Low recruitment in recent years had contributed to the stock being below MSY Bescapement, though this has been alleviated by the 2023 year-class. Sprat in the English Channel (spr.27.7de). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 28,439 tonnes using the Pelagic Ecosystem Survey in the Western Channel and Celtic Sea (PELTIC). The catch advice applies a constant harvest rate (CHR) of 8.57% to the survey biomass. Fishing pressure is below FMSY proxy with stock size above MSY Btrigger (Istat). Sprat in the Celtic Seas and West of Scotland (spr.27.67a-cf-k). Catch advice was given for 2024 and 2025 using the ICES Category 5 method where only landings data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Divisions 4b–c (Sandeel area 1r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 134,266 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. Although recruitment has been below average between 2020–2022, the low fishing mortality in 2021 and 2022 has allowed a sufficient rebuild to the stock to allow a fishery in 2023. F1-2 is currently at its lowest level since 2012. Sandeel in Divisions 4b–c (Sandeel area 2r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 63,831 tonnes and is below MSY Bescapement and between Bpa and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is lower than that in 2021. F1-2 has decreased since the previous year. Sandeel in Divisions 4a–b and Subdivision 20 (Sandeel area 3r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 405,550 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is lower than that in 2021. F1-2 has increased since the previous year. Sandeel in Divisions 4a–b (Sandeel area 4). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 85,477 tonnes and is below MSY Bescapement and between Bpa and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is higher than that in 2021. F1-2 has decreased since the previous year. Sandeel in Division 4a (Sandeel area 5r). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Subdivisions 20–22 (Sandeel area 6). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Division 4a (Sandeel area 7r). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Division 6a. Catch advice was last given in 2021 following the ICES Category 6 method. This advice is not due for update until 2024. Standard issues such as benchmark planning, the quality and availability of data, availability of data through industry surveys and scientific advances particularly with respect to the use of genetics for stock discrimination were discussed. All data and scripts used to perform the assessments and the forecast calculations are available at https://github.com/ICES-dk/wg_HAWG and accessible to anyone.

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    Authors: Bremner, Julie; Boute, Pim G.; Desender, Marieke; Chiers, Koen; +8 Authors

    The Working Group on Electrical Trawling (WGELECTRA) works on improving knowledge of the effects of electrical or pulse fishing on the marine environment. At the 2020 meeting, the working group considered the Scottish Ensis fishery, ongoing work on shrimp pulse fishery study and analysed the possible contribution of pulse trawling to reducing or increasing the ecosystem/environmental impacts of the North Sea sole fishery and its fuel consumption. Substantial efforts were invested during the last 10 years to examine the effect of pulsed currents at the individual level on a range of species, species groups and life stages. Exposure to the pulsed bipolar current (PBC), used in pulse trawling for sole, does not result in direct mortality in fish and invertebrates, but may cause spinal injuries in fish. Pulse induced injury rate is low (<=1%) in the twelve fish species studied and population level effect will be negligible. Injury probability in cod is 36% and seems to decrease in small cod. The population level consequences are considered negligible. Adverse effect on electroreceptive species is unlikely because they are sensitive for low frequency direct current and not to high frequency PBC. Non-lethal effects are considered unlikely due to low exposure. No adverse effects (mortality or lesions) were found for the benthic invertebrate species exposed to the sole pulse, and animals returned to normal behaviour less than one hour after exposure. This made any long-term ecological effect unlikely. The low exposure probability and short duration implies no chronic exposure to pulse stimuli. Pulse trawling has less mechanical impact on the benthic ecosystem than conventional beam trawling. The lower towing speed of pulse trawls led to reduced mobilization of sediments, and resulted in a smaller footprint and a reduced surface area swept when exploiting the sole quota. The replacement of tickler chains by electrodes reduced the depth of disturbance of the trawl and likely reduced the average mortality imposed on benthic invertebrates. Although no specific experiments have been carried out on Natura 2000 species, the available knowledge suggests that the probability of exposure is likely to be (very) low. Natura 2000 habitats will have been exposed less by pulse trawls compared to conventional beam trawls. CO2 emissions of pulse trawlers are lower than those of conventional beam trawlers due to an estimated reduction in fuel consumption by ~50% per unit of sole quota and ~20% per unit of total landings. Pulse trawls catch, per hour, more sole and less plaice and other species and can contribute to a reduction in the bycatch of undersized fish (discards) and benthic invertebrates. Pulse trawling does not impose a risk to the sustainable exploitation of sole if the stock is well managed, although an increase in local fishing pressure was observed in the southern North Sea following introduction of the pulse trawl.

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    This report considers that the digital euro can be introduced under the ECB's primary mandate as legal tender and be remunerated. However, in order to lawfully create the proposed digital euro app, the ECB would require a mandate from the EU legislator under its secondary mandate which has to comply with article 119 TFEU, fundamental rights and data protection regulation. The supervision should be through the European Data Protection Supervisor. Finally, the digital euro should not exclude those lacking digital skills and minimum standards should be introduced regarding the availability of cash. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the ECON Committee.

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    Authors: C.J.G. van Damme; Imares Onderzoeksformatie; S.W. Verver;

    Het onderhouden en ontwikkelen van de kernexpertises, welke nodig zijn voor het uitvoeren van de wettelijke taken van Nederland op het gebied van visserij monitoring en advisering, vormt de basis van het KB WOT Visserij programma. Het is een flexibel programma dat probeert in te spelen op veranderingen in de WOT behoeften, maar ook aanpassingen in het visserij beleid en beheer. Het KB WOT Visserij programma is daarnaast ook innovatief om te kunnen inspelen en deelnemen in wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen. Het programma wordt uitgevoerd binnen de kaders van de Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), de EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) en de EU Maritime Policy. Het KB WOT Visserij programma wordt jaarlijks vastgesteld rond een aantal thema’s. Het programma van 2016 startte met14 projecten. Binnen een project was het niet mogelijk om alle geplande activiteiten uit te voeren. Met het vrijgekomen budget een nieuw project gestart waarin een nieuwe tool ontworpen en gemaakt is voor de monitoring van de vangst aan boord van kotters. De 18 projecten zijn verder succesvol uitgevoerd. Het KB WOT programma was in 2016 gericht op onderzoek naar het in kaart brengen van de zeebodem, ontwikkeling van middelen voor het monitoren van vangsten aan boord van commerciële schepen, data opslag en toegankelijkheid en het ontwikkelen van methoden voor bepaling van de grootte van vis- en scheldierbestanden. De kern van het programma is de ontwikkeling en het onderhouden van de kern expertises welke noodzakelijk zijn voor het WOT Visserij programma. Een groot deel van het budget is dan ook besteed aan projecten voor het standaardiseren van leeftijdsbepaling van vis, vis en schelpdier monitoring en de ontwikkeling van visserij akoestische technieken. Dit zijn onderwerpen die essentieel zijn voor het behouden van de hoge kwaliteit van assessments en beheer van visbestanden. Van de 18 projecten die in 2016 zijn uitgevoerd, zijn er zes uitgevoerd in samenwerking met instituten binnen, maar ook buiten Europa. Door deze samenwerking wordt er extra waarde bijgedragen, in de vorm van kennis en middelen uit deze andere landen, aan de uitkomsten van het KB WOT Visserij programma. En ander groot deel van het budget van het programma was specifiek ingezet voor internationale samenwerking en uitwisseling van kennis en wetenschap. Dit geeft onderzoekers van Wageningen Marine Research de mogelijkheid in het centrum van wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen en internationaal visserij onderzoek te blijven. In 2016 is er ook veel gepubliceerd binnen het KB WOT programma. Meer dan 20 presentaties zijn gepresenteerd tijdens internationale bijeenkomsten, vergaderingen, workshops en symposia. In totaal zijn er 24 internationale en nationale rapporten geschreven en 9 nieuwe methoden of modellen ontwikkelt. Daarnaast zijn er ook nog 4 peer reviewed wetenschappelijke artikelen gepubliceerd en 1 wetenschappelijk manuscript opgezet. Maintaining and developing the expertises needed to execute the Dutch fisheries monitoring and advice statutory obligations is the core of the KB WOT Fisheries programme. As fisheries management and policy needs, and thus the WOT requirements, change over time, the KB WOT programme needs to be flexible to respond to these changes. The KB WOT programme seeks to be inventive and participate in the fisheries science development, while maintaining the core expertises and flexibility. The programme operates within the context of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the EU Maritime Policy. The KB WOT fisheries programme is established annually and positioned around a number of themes. In 2016 17 projects were originally awarded. However, one project could not meet all the original objectives and with the remaining budget a new project was started on the tool development for monitoring catches on board commercial vessels. The 18 projects within the programme were successfully completed. The focus of the programme in 2016 was on research into mapping the seafloor, development of tools and framework for monitoring catches on board commercial vessels, data storage and accessibility and method development for assessment of marine resources. As the basis of the KB WOT Fisheries is maintaining and developing key expertise for the WOT programme, a considerable part of the funds was used for projects that standardise fish ageing, fish and shellfish monitoring and development of fisheries acoustics techniques and expertise. These subjects are essential for ensuring the high quality of fish stock assessments and management. Of the 18 projects funded in 2016, six were carried out in international collaboration with other institutes in- and outside Europe. These partnerships provide a large amount of added value, since resources and expertise from these other countries contribute to the outcomes of the KB WOT Fisheries programme. Also, a large part of the KB WOT resources is specifically dedicated to international collaboration and exchange of science. This ensures that Wageningen Marine Research researchers remain at the centre of scientific developments and international fisheries research. The programme was also very productive in terms of publications, presentations and developing new methods or tools for fisheries research. Over 20 international presentations were given at meetings, workshops and symposia, and 24 international and national reports were written. 9 new methods or models were developed, 4 peer reviewed publications published and 1 scientific publication prepared

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    Heat transfer by means of suitable organic fluids has been applied succesfully in industry. The advantages of these fluids with respect to steam for shipboard application are a.o.: low vapourpressure at relatively high temperatures and no corrosion or erosion of metallic surfaces. Disadvantages are the relatively low specific heat capacíty, the cost price and the inflammability of most of these fluids. Since the physical properties of organic fluids, that determine the heat transfer capacity, vary substantially from those of steam, it is necessary to verify the design calculations of the heating system. In this report a theoretical method is developed for the evaluation of the heating surfaces to be installed in double bottom- and deeptanks of a dry cargo motorship. It is understood that the method should be suitable for designers, who are not familiar with heat transfer calculations. To illustrate the procedure the method is applied to the heating systems of two sisterships under construction for the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company.

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    Authors: Rijnsdorp, A.D.; Boute, P.; Tiano, J.; Lankheet, M.; +12 Authors
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    Authors: Boteler, B.; Abhold, K.; Oosterhuis, F.H.; Fernandez, P; +3 Authors
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    Authors: Ball, Johnathan; Bartolino, Valerio; Bekkevold, D.; Berg, F.; +30 Authors

    The ICES herring assessment working group (HAWG) met online for nine days in March 2023 to assess the state of six herring (Clupea harengus) and three sprat (Sprattus sprattus) stocks. Additionally, HAWG provided advice for eight Sandeel (Ammodytes spp.) in January 2023. The working group conducted update category 1 assessments for four of the herring stocks and category 3 assessments for 2 herring stocks. An analytical assessment was performed for the combined North Sea and Division 3.a sprat, and data limited assessment (ICES category 3) was conducted for English Channel sprat (spr.27.7de). Biennial advice is given for sprat in the Celtic Seas and West of Scotland with advice provided in 2023. North Sea autumn spawning herring (her.27.3a47d). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 1.65 million tonnes while F2–6 in 2021 was estimated at 0.23, which is below FMSY. Recruitment in 2022 is at its highest since 2014, which is expected to contribute positively to SSB levels from 2024 onwards. ICES considers that the stock is still in a low productivity phase. Western Baltic spring-spawning herring (her.27.20-24). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 75,548 tonnes and is below MSY Btrigger, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment has been low since 2007 and has been deteriorating further with time. F3-6 has been decreasing since 2018 and is now week below FMSY (0.31) at 0.05. The stock has decreased consistently during the second half of the 2000s and given the continued low recruitments, the stock is not able to recover above Blim unless a drastic reduction in fishing effort is applied for several years. Celtic Sea autumn and winter spawning stock (her.27.irls). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 16,539 tonnes, though is increasing from its lowest level seen in 2018 (6,474 tonnes), but remains below Blim (34,000 tonnes). F(2-5 rings) in 2022 was estimated at 0.028, having decreased from a peak of 1.16 in 2017. Recruitment has been consistently below average since 2013. Irish Sea autumn spawning herring (her.27.nirs). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 25,900 tonnes and is above MSY Btrigger, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is the highest on record and continues the trend of large incoming year-classes in recent years. F4-6 has been stable between 0.22 and 0.24 since 2006 and is below FMSY (0.266). 6aN autumn spawning herring (her.27.6aN). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 33,283 tonnes using the genetically split, Malin Shelf Herring Acoustic Survey (MSHAS). Whilst SSB has increased since its lowest level in 2019, these numbers of herring are low compared to historical estimates. Indicators show that stock size is above MSY Btrigger proxy and below FMSY proxy. Herring in 6.aS/7.b, c (her.27.6aS7bc). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 147,199 tonnes using the genetically split, Malin Shelf Herring Acoustic Survey (MSHAS) and has been increasing since the lowest point in 2016 (36,707 t). Recent catches are among the lowest in the time series. Fishing pressure on the stock is below FMSY proxy (0.034) and the stock size index is well above MSY Btrigger proxy (51 390 t). Sprat in the North Sea and 3.a (spr.27.3a4). SSB in 2023 was estimated at 206,581 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. F1-2 has been decreasing since 2016, however there are high levels of fluctuation throughout the time series. Low recruitment in recent years had contributed to the stock being below MSY Bescapement, though this has been alleviated by the 2023 year-class. Sprat in the English Channel (spr.27.7de). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 28,439 tonnes using the Pelagic Ecosystem Survey in the Western Channel and Celtic Sea (PELTIC). The catch advice applies a constant harvest rate (CHR) of 8.57% to the survey biomass. Fishing pressure is below FMSY proxy with stock size above MSY Btrigger (Istat). Sprat in the Celtic Seas and West of Scotland (spr.27.67a-cf-k). Catch advice was given for 2024 and 2025 using the ICES Category 5 method where only landings data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Divisions 4b–c (Sandeel area 1r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 134,266 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. Although recruitment has been below average between 2020–2022, the low fishing mortality in 2021 and 2022 has allowed a sufficient rebuild to the stock to allow a fishery in 2023. F1-2 is currently at its lowest level since 2012. Sandeel in Divisions 4b–c (Sandeel area 2r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 63,831 tonnes and is below MSY Bescapement and between Bpa and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is lower than that in 2021. F1-2 has decreased since the previous year. Sandeel in Divisions 4a–b and Subdivision 20 (Sandeel area 3r). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 405,550 tonnes and is above MSY Bescapement, Bpa, and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is lower than that in 2021. F1-2 has increased since the previous year. Sandeel in Divisions 4a–b (Sandeel area 4). SSB in 2022 was estimated at 85,477 tonnes and is below MSY Bescapement and between Bpa and Blim. Recruitment in 2022 is higher than that in 2021. F1-2 has decreased since the previous year. Sandeel in Division 4a (Sandeel area 5r). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Subdivisions 20–22 (Sandeel area 6). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Division 4a (Sandeel area 7r). Catch advice was given for 2023 and 2024 using the ICES Category 5 method where only catch data are available. The precautionary buffer (20% reduction) was applied in 2021, and thus was not applied in this advice year. Sandeel in Division 6a. Catch advice was last given in 2021 following the ICES Category 6 method. This advice is not due for update until 2024. Standard issues such as benchmark planning, the quality and availability of data, availability of data through industry surveys and scientific advances particularly with respect to the use of genetics for stock discrimination were discussed. All data and scripts used to perform the assessments and the forecast calculations are available at https://github.com/ICES-dk/wg_HAWG and accessible to anyone.

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    Authors: Bremner, Julie; Boute, Pim G.; Desender, Marieke; Chiers, Koen; +8 Authors

    The Working Group on Electrical Trawling (WGELECTRA) works on improving knowledge of the effects of electrical or pulse fishing on the marine environment. At the 2020 meeting, the working group considered the Scottish Ensis fishery, ongoing work on shrimp pulse fishery study and analysed the possible contribution of pulse trawling to reducing or increasing the ecosystem/environmental impacts of the North Sea sole fishery and its fuel consumption. Substantial efforts were invested during the last 10 years to examine the effect of pulsed currents at the individual level on a range of species, species groups and life stages. Exposure to the pulsed bipolar current (PBC), used in pulse trawling for sole, does not result in direct mortality in fish and invertebrates, but may cause spinal injuries in fish. Pulse induced injury rate is low (<=1%) in the twelve fish species studied and population level effect will be negligible. Injury probability in cod is 36% and seems to decrease in small cod. The population level consequences are considered negligible. Adverse effect on electroreceptive species is unlikely because they are sensitive for low frequency direct current and not to high frequency PBC. Non-lethal effects are considered unlikely due to low exposure. No adverse effects (mortality or lesions) were found for the benthic invertebrate species exposed to the sole pulse, and animals returned to normal behaviour less than one hour after exposure. This made any long-term ecological effect unlikely. The low exposure probability and short duration implies no chronic exposure to pulse stimuli. Pulse trawling has less mechanical impact on the benthic ecosystem than conventional beam trawling. The lower towing speed of pulse trawls led to reduced mobilization of sediments, and resulted in a smaller footprint and a reduced surface area swept when exploiting the sole quota. The replacement of tickler chains by electrodes reduced the depth of disturbance of the trawl and likely reduced the average mortality imposed on benthic invertebrates. Although no specific experiments have been carried out on Natura 2000 species, the available knowledge suggests that the probability of exposure is likely to be (very) low. Natura 2000 habitats will have been exposed less by pulse trawls compared to conventional beam trawls. CO2 emissions of pulse trawlers are lower than those of conventional beam trawlers due to an estimated reduction in fuel consumption by ~50% per unit of sole quota and ~20% per unit of total landings. Pulse trawls catch, per hour, more sole and less plaice and other species and can contribute to a reduction in the bycatch of undersized fish (discards) and benthic invertebrates. Pulse trawling does not impose a risk to the sustainable exploitation of sole if the stock is well managed, although an increase in local fishing pressure was observed in the southern North Sea following introduction of the pulse trawl.

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    This report considers that the digital euro can be introduced under the ECB's primary mandate as legal tender and be remunerated. However, in order to lawfully create the proposed digital euro app, the ECB would require a mandate from the EU legislator under its secondary mandate which has to comply with article 119 TFEU, fundamental rights and data protection regulation. The supervision should be through the European Data Protection Supervisor. Finally, the digital euro should not exclude those lacking digital skills and minimum standards should be introduced regarding the availability of cash. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the ECON Committee.

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