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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joël Aubin; Myriam D. Callier; Hélène Rey-Valette; Syndhia Mathé; +14 Authors

    AbstractEcological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders’ perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co‐building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensification of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective.

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    Other literature type . 2019
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    Reviews in Aquaculture
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: de Rosnay, Patricia; Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin; Albergel, Clément; Isaksen, Lars; +3 Authors

    International audience; This paper presents the forward modelling aspects of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) activities at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Several parameterizations of the Community Microwave Emission Modelling Platform (CMEM) are used to simulate L-band Brightness Temperatures (TBs) and compared to the SMOS TBs for 2010-2011. We show that simulated TBs are primarily sensitive, by order of importance, to the soil roughness model, the vegetation opacity and the soil dielectric model. In particular, best CMEM results are obtained with the simple Wigneron soil roughness model and the Wigneron model for the vegetation opacity. For the soil dielectric model, performances of the Wang and Schmugge and the Mironov models are shown to be similar and better than the Dobson model. The Wang and Schmugge model is then used in the next steps of this paper combined with the Wigneron roughness and vegetation models. The paper describes a multi-angular multi-polarised bias correction method based on a linear rescaling (mean and variance) computed at the monthly scale using SMOS observations and ECMWF-CMEM re-analysed TBs for a four year period (2010-2013). Results show that for 2010-2013 the seasonal multi-angular multi-polarisation bias correction approach reduces global RMSE to 7.91 K, compared to 16.7 K before bias correction, whereas the mean absolute bias is reduced to 1.39 K, compared to 11.04 K before bias correction. The consistency between the seasonality of simulated and the observed TBs is also improved by using a monthly bias correction, leading to correlation values improvement to 0.62 after bias correction compared to 0.56 before. The 2010-2013 bias correction applied to the 2014-2016 period at 40°incidence reduces the global RMSE from 15.56 K to 8.19 K, and the mean absolute bias from 10.16 K to 2.51 K, with no impact on the correlation values that remain at 0.61 in both cases. Long term monitoring of SMOS TB is presented covering a 7-year period (2010-2016) at both polarisations, at 40°incidence angle. Results show that the consistency between SMOS and ECMWF reanalysis-based TBs progressively improved between 2010 and 2016, pointing out improvements of level 1 SMOS TB products quality through the SMOS lifetime.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Remote Sensing of En...arrow_drop_down
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Atsushi Takagi; Francesco Usai; Gowrishankar Ganesh; Vittorio Sanguineti; +1 Authors

    Author summary Humans are talented at coordinating movements with one another through a multitude of objects such as a hard table or a soft mattress. Depending on the softness of the object, the force we perceive from the partner can be strong enough to sense directional cues, or could be too weak to understand the partner’s movement intention. How do we coordinate physical movements governed by such differing mechanics? Our task is inspired by a pair moving through a dancefloor during Tango dancing; we tested subjects in pairs who jointly chased a moving target with their right hands, which were banded together by either a strong, medium or weak elastic band. By measuring the change in each partner’s performance at the task, and the muscular effort they exerted, we characterized the changes in each partner’s behavior as a function of the strength of the elastic band that coupled them together. By employing a computational simulation of the task, we tested different coordination mechanisms to see what explained the data best. We found that, regardless of the coupling strength, each subject infers the movement intention of their partner, but this process deteriorates with softer coupling. To move a hard table together, humans may coordinate by following the dominant partner’s motion [1–4], but this strategy is unsuitable for a soft mattress where the perceived forces are small. How do partners readily coordinate in such differing interaction dynamics? To address this, we investigated how pairs tracked a target using flexion-extension of their wrists, which were coupled by a hard, medium or soft virtual elastic band. Tracking performance monotonically increased with a stiffer band for the worse partner, who had higher tracking error, at the cost of the skilled partner’s muscular effort. This suggests that the worse partner followed the skilled one’s lead, but simulations show that the results are better explained by a model where partners share movement goals through the forces, whilst the coupling dynamics determine the capacity of communicable information. This model elucidates the versatile mechanism by which humans can coordinate during both hard and soft physical interactions to ensure maximum performance with minimal effort.

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    PLoS Computational Biology
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    Article . 2018
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    Authors: Paupy, Christophe; Demanou, Maurice; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Ngapana, Emmanuel; +3 Authors

    Abstract Background Although arboviral infections including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are common in sub-Saharan Africa, data on their circulation and prevalence are poorly documented. In 2006, more than 400 cases of dengue-like fever were reported in Kumbo (Northwest Region of Cameroon). The aim of this study was to identify the aetiology of this fever and to define its extent in the area. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey one year after clinical investigations to define the extent of the infection. An entomological survey consisted of the collection and identification of mosquito immature stages in water containers in or around human dwellings. Results A total of 105 sera were obtained from volunteers and tested for CHIKV, O'Nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) specific IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). CHIKV infection was defined as the presence of IgM antibodies to CHIKV. There was serological evidence for recent Chikungunya infection, as 54 subjects (51.4%) had detectable IgM anti-CHIKV in their sera. Amongst these, 52 showed both anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG, and 2 (1.9%) had IgM anti-CHIKV in the absence of IgG. Isolated anti-CHIKV IgG positives were detected in 41 (39%) cases. No anti-ONNV and anti-DENV IgM antibodies were found amongst the sample tested. Out of 305 larvae collected in the different breeding sites, 87 developed to the adult stage; 56 (64.4%) were Aedes africanus and the remaining Culex spp. Conclusions These findings suggest that the outbreak of febrile illness reported in three villages of Western Cameroon was due to CHIKV. The issue of a possible persistence of anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies is discussed. Ae. africanus which was found to be relatively abundant among the raffia palm bushes probably plays a role in the transmission of CHIKV along the chain of sylvatic/domestic mosquito species in this rural area. Particular attention should therefore be given to arbovirus infections in the Central African sub-region where these infections are becoming an emerging public health threat.

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    BMC Research Notes
    Article . 2010
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    Other literature type . 2010
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    BMC Research Notes
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Other literature type . 2010
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    Article . 2010
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2010
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    Authors: Abdelmadjid Saad; Abou El Hassan Benyamina; Abdoulaye Gamatie;

    International audience; Water plays a crucial role in the agricultural field for food production and raising livestock. Given the current trends in world population growth, the urgent food demand that must be answered by agriculture highly depends on our ability to efficiently exploit the available water resources. Among critical issues, there is water management. Recently, innovative technologies have improved water management and monitoring in agriculture. Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing, have been used in diverse contexts in agriculture. By focusing on the water management challenge in general, existing approaches are aiming at optimizing water usage, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural crops, while minimizing the need for direct human intervention. This is achieved by smoothing the water monitoring process, by applying the right automation level, and allowing farmers getting connected anywhere and anytime to their farms. There are plenty of challenges in agriculture involving water: water pollution monitoring, water reuse, monitoring water pipeline distribution network for irrigation, drinking water for livestock, etc. Several studies have been devoted to these questions in the recent decade. Therefore, this paper presents a survey on recent works dealing with water management and monitoring in agriculture, supported by advanced technologies. It also discusses some open challenges based on which relevant research directions can be drawn in the future, regarding the use of modern smart concepts and tools for water management and monitoring in the agriculture domain.

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    IEEE Access
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    Authors: James S. Gerber; Kimberly M. Carlson; David Makowski; Nathaniel D. Mueller; +7 Authors

    AbstractWith increasing nitrogen (N) application to croplands required to support growing food demand, mitigating N2O emissions from agricultural soils is a global challenge. National greenhouse gas emissions accounting typically estimates N2O emissions at the country scale by aggregating all crops, under the assumption that N2O emissions are linearly related to N application. However, field studies and meta‐analyses indicate a nonlinear relationship, in which N2O emissions are relatively greater at higher N application rates. Here, we apply a super‐linear emissions response model to crop‐specific, spatially explicit synthetic N fertilizer and manure N inputs to provide subnational accounting of global N2O emissions from croplands. We estimate 0.66 Tg of N2O‐N direct global emissions circa 2000, with 50% of emissions concentrated in 13% of harvested area. Compared to estimates from the IPCC Tier 1 linear model, our updated N2O emissions range from 20% to 40% lower throughout sub‐Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe, to >120% greater in some Western European countries. At low N application rates, the weak nonlinear response of N2O emissions suggests that relatively large increases in N fertilizer application would generate relatively small increases in N2O emissions. As aggregated fertilizer data generate underestimation bias in nonlinear models, high‐resolution N application data are critical to support accurate N2O emissions estimates.

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    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cordier, Jean; Gohin, Alexandre;

    La financiarisation des marchés agricoles est un fait ancien. Le fait nouveau, à la fin des années 2000, est le développement fulgurant du montant des investissements par de nouveaux types d’opérateurs utilisant des instruments innovants. L’augmentation des investissements dits spéculatifs est concomitante avec la forte hausse des prix en 2007-08 et avec l’augmentation de la volatilité implicite sur les marchés agricoles de référence. Une controverse s’est alors développée sur la responsabilité des nouveaux fonds d’investissement, avec comme conséquence la volonté publique de réguler les marchés de matières premières, les produits agricoles en particulier. Le point culminant de la réflexion politique mondiale correspond à la réunion du G-20 en France début novembre 2011, point précédé d’un G-20 agricole trois mois plus tôt. L’article explore l’hypothèse de cette responsabilité en décomposant les relations de causalité théoriques puis en testant leur existence sur la base de données publiques mais non utilisées sur le plan académique à notre connaissance. The financial development of agricultural markets is not recent. But, starting early 2000, a large amount of investments on commodity markets, including agriculture, have been realized using innovative instruments. And in 2007-08, the continuous increase of investment was simultaneous with prices increases. Speculation and price spikes were soon “correlated”. A controversial debate on the role of commodity investment funds emerge that induced G-20 decision in November 2011 to limit excessive price volatility on commodity markets through improved control of speculation on futures and OTC markets. The article is analysing the hypothesis that commodity funds are causing price volatility using first a direct relationship between the “Assets Under Management” (AUM) of these funds and the agricultural futures prices, and second a sequential relationship between these variables through the commitment of commodity funds on related futures markets (open interest detained). As a conclusion, we validate the results of the two parties of the controversy.

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    Économie rurale
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lüscher, Gisela; Ammari, Y.; Andriets, A.; Angelova, S.; +107 Authors

    AbstractFarmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low‐input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management‐related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6–20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non‐organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face‐to‐face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale.

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    Ecology
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    Ecology
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Xavier Coquil; Marianne Cerf; Caroline Auricoste; Alexandre Joannon; +10 Authors

    International audience; The French Ministry of Agriculture has called for agro-ecological transitions that reconcile farming and the environment. In this review, we examine the transformations of farmers and AKIS (Agriculture Knowledge Innovation System) actors’ work during agro-ecological transitions, and argue that the content, organization, and aim of farmers’ work are influenced by agricultural training, agricultural development, and discussions between peers, research, and regulations. Our main findings concern those transformations. The first finding was that there is an increasing expression of local particularities (situated ecological processes, micro-climates, etc.) and farmers’ singularities (e.g., relationship with nature). These particularities challenge AKIS players’ forms of organization and intervention, which used to be built on generic knowledge. Our second finding was that AKIS players have to consider their action as one potential contribution to the development of farmers’ experience: Their interventions become part of the flow of the farmer’s activities. The question for AKIS players is then: How can farmers’ own discovery of their natural and technical environment from new perspectives be facilitated? Thirdly, we found that transformations of work are systemic: The “doing”, the knowledge applied, and the values and norms to which subjects refer change. Facilitating transition can no longer be considered as a problem of knowledge availability. Fourthly, production of agronomic knowledge and ways in which it is disseminated are being challenged. Not only does knowledge have to be certified by scientific norms and methods, it has also to be valued by actors if it is to have an impact. The prescriptive relationship of science and AKIS players towards farmers is likewise challenged. This review raises many questions: Do agro-ecological transitions contribute to reorienting the development of farmers’ activity? Are agro-ecological transitions conducive to the development of sustainable farm work? What transformations of AKIS players’ work are needed to better support agro-ecological transitions?

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    Agronomy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Daniel Moreno-Fernández; Isabel Cañellas; Ignacio Barbeito; Mariola Sánchez-González; +1 Authors

    Key message In modelling regeneration patterns, parametric regression is recommended because it can account for the spatial and temporal correlation present in the data, whereas decision trees allow more complex interactions and can be used to reduce the number of variables. Context The establishment of seedlings after regeneration fellings is key to guaranteeing the development and persistence of the forest. Depending on the objective pursued, data available or type of forest, a number of different methods have been employed to assess the relationship between seedling establishment and both environmental and stand factors. Most authors have conducted their analyses using parametric regression or point pattern analysis. Aim We analysed the way in which light, stand conditions, edaphic and topographic variables affect the regeneration of Pinus sylvestris L. in Central Spain. We used different methods to analyse the same data set. The strengths and weaknesses of each method were discussed. Methods We used two parametric approaches generalized linear mixed model regression using a negative binomial followed by the variant explanatory variables reduction prior to regression as well as three nonparametric approaches not commonly employed in forest regeneration nonmetric multidimensional scaling, regression trees and random forests algorithm. Results The parametric regression identified a larger number of variables associated with the regeneration process and the inclusion of a random effect in the model allowing the consideration of the spatial variability among plots. However, decision trees captured the complex interaction among variables, which typical parametric methods were unable to detect. Conclusion: Different statistical methods gave similar insights into the underlying ecological process. However, different statistical premises with inference implications can be noticed. This may give misinterpretation of the model depending on the nature of the data. The choice of a given method should be made according to the nature of the data and the achievement of desirable results. © 2015, INRA and Springer-Verlag France.

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    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Joël Aubin; Myriam D. Callier; Hélène Rey-Valette; Syndhia Mathé; +14 Authors

    AbstractEcological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders’ perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co‐building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensification of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Reviews in Aquaculture
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: de Rosnay, Patricia; Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin; Albergel, Clément; Isaksen, Lars; +3 Authors

    International audience; This paper presents the forward modelling aspects of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) activities at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Several parameterizations of the Community Microwave Emission Modelling Platform (CMEM) are used to simulate L-band Brightness Temperatures (TBs) and compared to the SMOS TBs for 2010-2011. We show that simulated TBs are primarily sensitive, by order of importance, to the soil roughness model, the vegetation opacity and the soil dielectric model. In particular, best CMEM results are obtained with the simple Wigneron soil roughness model and the Wigneron model for the vegetation opacity. For the soil dielectric model, performances of the Wang and Schmugge and the Mironov models are shown to be similar and better than the Dobson model. The Wang and Schmugge model is then used in the next steps of this paper combined with the Wigneron roughness and vegetation models. The paper describes a multi-angular multi-polarised bias correction method based on a linear rescaling (mean and variance) computed at the monthly scale using SMOS observations and ECMWF-CMEM re-analysed TBs for a four year period (2010-2013). Results show that for 2010-2013 the seasonal multi-angular multi-polarisation bias correction approach reduces global RMSE to 7.91 K, compared to 16.7 K before bias correction, whereas the mean absolute bias is reduced to 1.39 K, compared to 11.04 K before bias correction. The consistency between the seasonality of simulated and the observed TBs is also improved by using a monthly bias correction, leading to correlation values improvement to 0.62 after bias correction compared to 0.56 before. The 2010-2013 bias correction applied to the 2014-2016 period at 40°incidence reduces the global RMSE from 15.56 K to 8.19 K, and the mean absolute bias from 10.16 K to 2.51 K, with no impact on the correlation values that remain at 0.61 in both cases. Long term monitoring of SMOS TB is presented covering a 7-year period (2010-2016) at both polarisations, at 40°incidence angle. Results show that the consistency between SMOS and ECMWF reanalysis-based TBs progressively improved between 2010 and 2016, pointing out improvements of level 1 SMOS TB products quality through the SMOS lifetime.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
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    Authors: Atsushi Takagi; Francesco Usai; Gowrishankar Ganesh; Vittorio Sanguineti; +1 Authors

    Author summary Humans are talented at coordinating movements with one another through a multitude of objects such as a hard table or a soft mattress. Depending on the softness of the object, the force we perceive from the partner can be strong enough to sense directional cues, or could be too weak to understand the partner’s movement intention. How do we coordinate physical movements governed by such differing mechanics? Our task is inspired by a pair moving through a dancefloor during Tango dancing; we tested subjects in pairs who jointly chased a moving target with their right hands, which were banded together by either a strong, medium or weak elastic band. By measuring the change in each partner’s performance at the task, and the muscular effort they exerted, we characterized the changes in each partner’s behavior as a function of the strength of the elastic band that coupled them together. By employing a computational simulation of the task, we tested different coordination mechanisms to see what explained the data best. We found that, regardless of the coupling strength, each subject infers the movement intention of their partner, but this process deteriorates with softer coupling. To move a hard table together, humans may coordinate by following the dominant partner’s motion [1–4], but this strategy is unsuitable for a soft mattress where the perceived forces are small. How do partners readily coordinate in such differing interaction dynamics? To address this, we investigated how pairs tracked a target using flexion-extension of their wrists, which were coupled by a hard, medium or soft virtual elastic band. Tracking performance monotonically increased with a stiffer band for the worse partner, who had higher tracking error, at the cost of the skilled partner’s muscular effort. This suggests that the worse partner followed the skilled one’s lead, but simulations show that the results are better explained by a model where partners share movement goals through the forces, whilst the coupling dynamics determine the capacity of communicable information. This model elucidates the versatile mechanism by which humans can coordinate during both hard and soft physical interactions to ensure maximum performance with minimal effort.

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    PLoS Computational Biology
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    JAIRO
    Article . 2018
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    Authors: Paupy, Christophe; Demanou, Maurice; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Ngapana, Emmanuel; +3 Authors

    Abstract Background Although arboviral infections including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are common in sub-Saharan Africa, data on their circulation and prevalence are poorly documented. In 2006, more than 400 cases of dengue-like fever were reported in Kumbo (Northwest Region of Cameroon). The aim of this study was to identify the aetiology of this fever and to define its extent in the area. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey one year after clinical investigations to define the extent of the infection. An entomological survey consisted of the collection and identification of mosquito immature stages in water containers in or around human dwellings. Results A total of 105 sera were obtained from volunteers and tested for CHIKV, O'Nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) specific IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). CHIKV infection was defined as the presence of IgM antibodies to CHIKV. There was serological evidence for recent Chikungunya infection, as 54 subjects (51.4%) had detectable IgM anti-CHIKV in their sera. Amongst these, 52 showed both anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG, and 2 (1.9%) had IgM anti-CHIKV in the absence of IgG. Isolated anti-CHIKV IgG positives were detected in 41 (39%) cases. No anti-ONNV and anti-DENV IgM antibodies were found amongst the sample tested. Out of 305 larvae collected in the different breeding sites, 87 developed to the adult stage; 56 (64.4%) were Aedes africanus and the remaining Culex spp. Conclusions These findings suggest that the outbreak of febrile illness reported in three villages of Western Cameroon was due to CHIKV. The issue of a possible persistence of anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies is discussed. Ae. africanus which was found to be relatively abundant among the raffia palm bushes probably plays a role in the transmission of CHIKV along the chain of sylvatic/domestic mosquito species in this rural area. Particular attention should therefore be given to arbovirus infections in the Central African sub-region where these infections are becoming an emerging public health threat.

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    BMC Research Notes
    Article . 2010
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    BMC Research Notes
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Other literature type . 2010
    DOAJ
    Article . 2010
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    Article . 2010
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    Authors: Abdelmadjid Saad; Abou El Hassan Benyamina; Abdoulaye Gamatie;

    International audience; Water plays a crucial role in the agricultural field for food production and raising livestock. Given the current trends in world population growth, the urgent food demand that must be answered by agriculture highly depends on our ability to efficiently exploit the available water resources. Among critical issues, there is water management. Recently, innovative technologies have improved water management and monitoring in agriculture. Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing, have been used in diverse contexts in agriculture. By focusing on the water management challenge in general, existing approaches are aiming at optimizing water usage, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural crops, while minimizing the need for direct human intervention. This is achieved by smoothing the water monitoring process, by applying the right automation level, and allowing farmers getting connected anywhere and anytime to their farms. There are plenty of challenges in agriculture involving water: water pollution monitoring, water reuse, monitoring water pipeline distribution network for irrigation, drinking water for livestock, etc. Several studies have been devoted to these questions in the recent decade. Therefore, this paper presents a survey on recent works dealing with water management and monitoring in agriculture, supported by advanced technologies. It also discusses some open challenges based on which relevant research directions can be drawn in the future, regarding the use of modern smart concepts and tools for water management and monitoring in the agriculture domain.

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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: James S. Gerber; Kimberly M. Carlson; David Makowski; Nathaniel D. Mueller; +7 Authors

    AbstractWith increasing nitrogen (N) application to croplands required to support growing food demand, mitigating N2O emissions from agricultural soils is a global challenge. National greenhouse gas emissions accounting typically estimates N2O emissions at the country scale by aggregating all crops, under the assumption that N2O emissions are linearly related to N application. However, field studies and meta‐analyses indicate a nonlinear relationship, in which N2O emissions are relatively greater at higher N application rates. Here, we apply a super‐linear emissions response model to crop‐specific, spatially explicit synthetic N fertilizer and manure N inputs to provide subnational accounting of global N2O emissions from croplands. We estimate 0.66 Tg of N2O‐N direct global emissions circa 2000, with 50% of emissions concentrated in 13% of harvested area. Compared to estimates from the IPCC Tier 1 linear model, our updated N2O emissions range from 20% to 40% lower throughout sub‐Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe, to >120% greater in some Western European countries. At low N application rates, the weak nonlinear response of N2O emissions suggests that relatively large increases in N fertilizer application would generate relatively small increases in N2O emissions. As aggregated fertilizer data generate underestimation bias in nonlinear models, high‐resolution N application data are critical to support accurate N2O emissions estimates.

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    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cordier, Jean; Gohin, Alexandre;

    La financiarisation des marchés agricoles est un fait ancien. Le fait nouveau, à la fin des années 2000, est le développement fulgurant du montant des investissements par de nouveaux types d’opérateurs utilisant des instruments innovants. L’augmentation des investissements dits spéculatifs est concomitante avec la forte hausse des prix en 2007-08 et avec l’augmentation de la volatilité implicite sur les marchés agricoles de référence. Une controverse s’est alors développée sur la responsabilité des nouveaux fonds d’investissement, avec comme conséquence la volonté publique de réguler les marchés de matières premières, les produits agricoles en particulier. Le point culminant de la réflexion politique mondiale correspond à la réunion du G-20 en France début novembre 2011, point précédé d’un G-20 agricole trois mois plus tôt. L’article explore l’hypothèse de cette responsabilité en décomposant les relations de causalité théoriques puis en testant leur existence sur la base de données publiques mais non utilisées sur le plan académique à notre connaissance. The financial development of agricultural markets is not recent. But, starting early 2000, a large amount of investments on commodity markets, including agriculture, have been realized using innovative instruments. And in 2007-08, the continuous increase of investment was simultaneous with prices increases. Speculation and price spikes were soon “correlated”. A controversial debate on the role of commodity investment funds emerge that induced G-20 decision in November 2011 to limit excessive price volatility on commodity markets through improved control of speculation on futures and OTC markets. The article is analysing the hypothesis that commodity funds are causing price volatility using first a direct relationship between the “Assets Under Management” (AUM) of these funds and the agricultural futures prices, and second a sequential relationship between these variables through the commitment of commodity funds on related futures markets (open interest detained). As a conclusion, we validate the results of the two parties of the controversy.

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    External research report . 2012
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    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lüscher, Gisela; Ammari, Y.; Andriets, A.; Angelova, S.; +107 Authors

    AbstractFarmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low‐input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management‐related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6–20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non‐organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face‐to‐face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale.

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    Ecology
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Xavier Coquil; Marianne Cerf; Caroline Auricoste; Alexandre Joannon; +10 Authors

    International audience; The French Ministry of Agriculture has called for agro-ecological transitions that reconcile farming and the environment. In this review, we examine the transformations of farmers and AKIS (Agriculture Knowledge Innovation System) actors’ work during agro-ecological transitions, and argue that the content, organization, and aim of farmers’ work are influenced by agricultural training, agricultural development, and discussions between peers, research, and regulations. Our main findings concern those transformations. The first finding was that there is an increasing expression of local particularities (situated ecological processes, micro-climates, etc.) and farmers’ singularities (e.g., relationship with nature). These particularities challenge AKIS players’ forms of organization and intervention, which used to be built on generic knowledge. Our second finding was that AKIS players have to consider their action as one potential contribution to the development of farmers’ experience: Their interventions become part of the flow of the farmer’s activities. The question for AKIS players is then: How can farmers’ own discovery of their natural and technical environment from new perspectives be facilitated? Thirdly, we found that transformations of work are systemic: The “doing”, the knowledge applied, and the values and norms to which subjects refer change. Facilitating transition can no longer be considered as a problem of knowledge availability. Fourthly, production of agronomic knowledge and ways in which it is disseminated are being challenged. Not only does knowledge have to be certified by scientific norms and methods, it has also to be valued by actors if it is to have an impact. The prescriptive relationship of science and AKIS players towards farmers is likewise challenged. This review raises many questions: Do agro-ecological transitions contribute to reorienting the development of farmers’ activity? Are agro-ecological transitions conducive to the development of sustainable farm work? What transformations of AKIS players’ work are needed to better support agro-ecological transitions?

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    Agronomy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    Authors: Daniel Moreno-Fernández; Isabel Cañellas; Ignacio Barbeito; Mariola Sánchez-González; +1 Authors

    Key message In modelling regeneration patterns, parametric regression is recommended because it can account for the spatial and temporal correlation present in the data, whereas decision trees allow more complex interactions and can be used to reduce the number of variables. Context The establishment of seedlings after regeneration fellings is key to guaranteeing the development and persistence of the forest. Depending on the objective pursued, data available or type of forest, a number of different methods have been employed to assess the relationship between seedling establishment and both environmental and stand factors. Most authors have conducted their analyses using parametric regression or point pattern analysis. Aim We analysed the way in which light, stand conditions, edaphic and topographic variables affect the regeneration of Pinus sylvestris L. in Central Spain. We used different methods to analyse the same data set. The strengths and weaknesses of each method were discussed. Methods We used two parametric approaches generalized linear mixed model regression using a negative binomial followed by the variant explanatory variables reduction prior to regression as well as three nonparametric approaches not commonly employed in forest regeneration nonmetric multidimensional scaling, regression trees and random forests algorithm. Results The parametric regression identified a larger number of variables associated with the regeneration process and the inclusion of a random effect in the model allowing the consideration of the spatial variability among plots. However, decision trees captured the complex interaction among variables, which typical parametric methods were unable to detect. Conclusion: Different statistical methods gave similar insights into the underlying ecological process. However, different statistical premises with inference implications can be noticed. This may give misinterpretation of the model depending on the nature of the data. The choice of a given method should be made according to the nature of the data and the achievement of desirable results. © 2015, INRA and Springer-Verlag France.

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    ProdInra
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