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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiaodong, Tan; Kennethp., Kodama; Gilder, Stuart,; Courtillot, Vincent; +1 Authors

    International audience; Fold axis strikes in the Yangtze fold belt of the South China Block (SCB) undergo significant changes over distances of >1000 km. This large-scale variation provides an ideal opportunity to test the oroclinal-bending hypothesis using palaeomagnetic methods, which we have attempted by drilling the Lower Triassic Daye Formation limestones in western Hubei Province. Thermal demagnetization isolated two components in most samples. A low unblocking temperature component (400 °C , unblocks univectorially towards the origin. The HTC passes the McFadden-fold test with an overall mean tilt-corrected direction of Dec = 255°, Inc =-24° (N= 7, α95= 9°) . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations suggest an early diagenetic, possible (bio)chemical origin for the magnetic extracts dominated by Ti-poor magnetite. Rock magnetic data show no evidence that the HTC has been affected by tectonic or compaction strain. Our data together with previously published results suggest a general clockwise rotation pattern in the Middle Yangtze fold belt, which is probably related to the collision between the North and SCBs. Comparison of palaeomagnetic rotations with fold axis trends in the fold belt suggests that about 30° clockwise rotation occurred in the Middle reaches of the Yangtze River, while a 15° difference in fold axis trends would be due to initial variation within the fold belt. However, since little is known about the timing of the clockwise rotation, whether the Middle Yangtze fold belt is an orocline awaits further studies.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geophysical Journal ...arrow_drop_down
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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rosalie Fuchs; Christel Pinazo; Pascal Douillet; Marion Fraysse; +3 Authors

    International audience; Since 2005, wind-driven 'sporadic' coastal upwelling events have been identified off the southwestern reef of New Caledonia. Several studies have described the main physical processes and induced surface patterns using 1D and 3D modelling, as well as in situ measurements. Previous models were applied at the mesoscale without taking into account the lagoon. Using a recently developed 3D coupled physical-biogeochemical model that considers the complex ocean-lagoon interface, we aim to understand better the impact of the upwelling on the lagoon. The model was found to be in good agreement with measured data reported in previous publications about two upwelling events. However, in general, levels of surface chlorophyll-a were overestimated by the model in the upwelling area when compared to ocean colour data and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the discrepancy. We then tracked rich upwelled water using a forward Lagrangian transport analysis. Upwelled waters from the upper nutricline were found to be able to reach the South West lagoon. An anti-cyclonic eddy was detected near the upwelling area, potentially responsible, in part, for the rich water intrusions into the lagoon.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Horizon / Pleins tex...arrow_drop_down
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2013
    Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marie-Elodie Perga; Stephen C. Maberly; Jean-Philippe Jenny; Benjamin Alric; +2 Authors

    AbstractNow that evasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters is accounted for in global carbon models, it is crucial to quantify how these fluxes have changed in the past and forecast how they may alter in the future in response to local and global change. Here we developed a sediment proxy for the concentration of summer surface dissolved CO2 concentration and used it to reconstruct changes over the past 150 years for three large lakes that have been affected by climate warming, changes in nutrient load, and detrital terrigenous supplies. Initially CO2 neutral to the atmosphere, all three lakes subsequently fluctuated between near equilibrium and supersaturation. Although catchment inputs have supplied CO2 to the lakes, internal processes and reallocation have ultimately regulated decadal changes in lake surface CO2 concentration. Nutrient concentration has been the dominant driver of CO2 variability for a century although the reproducible, nonmonotonic relationship of CO2 to nutrient concentration suggests an interplay between metabolic and chemical processes. Yet for two of these lakes, climatic control of CO2 concentrations has been important over the last 30 years, promoting higher surface CO2 concentrations, likely by decreasing hypolimnetic carbon storage. This new approach offers the unique opportunity to scale, a posteriori, the long‐term impact of human activities on lake CO2.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2016
    Data sources: ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Julia Gottschalk; Luke C Skinner; Samuel L Jaccard; Laurie Menviel; +2 Authors

    International audience; Past millennial-scale changes in atmospheric CO2 (CO2,atm) concentrations have often been attributed to variations in the overturning timescale of the ocean that result in changes in the marine carbon inventory. Yet, there remains a paucity of proxy evidence that documents changes in marine carbon storage globally, and that links them to abrupt climate variability in the northern hemisphere associated with perturbations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The last two glacial periods were suggested to differ in the spatial extent of the AMOC and its sensitivity to perturbations. This provides an opportunity to compare the nature of marine carbon cycle-climate feedbacks between them. Here, we reconstruct variations in respired carbon storage (via oxygenation) and the AMOC “geometry” (via carbonate ion saturation) in the deep South Atlantic. We infer decreases in deep South Atlantic respired carbon levels at times of weakened AMOC and rising CO2,atm concentrations during both glacial periods. These findings suggest a consistent pattern of increased Southern Ocean convection and/or air-sea CO2 fluxes during northern-hemisphere stadials accompanying AMOC perturbations and promoting a rise in CO2,atm levels. We find that net ocean carbon loss, and hence the magnitude of CO2,atm rise, is largely determined by the stadial duration. North Atlantic climate anomalies therefore affect Southern Ocean carbon cycling in a consistent manner, through oceanic (e.g., ventilation seesaw) and/or atmospheric processes (e.g., Ekman pumping).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Quaternary Science R...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Quaternary Science Reviews
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    https://doi.org/10.7892/boris....
    Other literature type . 2020
    Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Williams, H., J; Shepard, E., L C; Duriez, Olivier; Lambertucci, S., A;

    Background: Accelerometry has been used to identify behaviours through the quantification of body posture and motion for a range of species moving in different media. This technique has not been applied to flight behaviours to the same degree, having only been used to distinguish flapping from soaring flight, even though identifying the type of soaring flight could provide important insights into the factors underlying movement paths in soaring birds. This may be due to the complexities of interpreting acceleration data, as movement in the aerial environment may be influenced by phenomena such as centripetal acceleration (pulling-g). This study used high-resolution movement data on the flight of free-living Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and a captive Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) to examine the influence of gravitational, dynamic and centripetal acceleration in different flight types. Flight behaviour was categorised as thermal soaring, slope soaring, gliding and flapping, using changes in altitude and heading from magnetometry data. We examined the ability of the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm to distinguish between these behaviours using acceleration data alone. Results: Values of the vectorial static body acceleration (VeSBA) suggest that these birds experience relatively little centripetal acceleration in flight, though this varies between flight types. Centripetal acceleration appears to be of most influence during thermal soaring; consequently, it is not possible to derive bank angle from smoothed values of lateral acceleration. In contrast, the smoothed acceleration values in the dorso-ventral axis provide insight into body pitch, which varied linearly with airspeed. Classification of passive flight types via KNN was limited, with low accuracy and precision for soaring and gliding. Conclusion: The importance of soaring was evident in the high proportion of time each bird spent in this flight mode (52.17–84.00 %). Accelerometry alone was limited in its ability to distinguish between passive flight types, though smoothed values in the dorso-ventral axis did vary with airspeed. Other sensors, in particular the magnetometer, provided powerful methods of identifying flight behaviour and these data may be better suited for automated behavioural identification. This should provide further insight into the type and strength of updraughts available to soaring birds. Fil: Williams, H. J.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Shepard, E. L. C.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Duriez, O.. Universite Montpellier Ii; Francia Fil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CONICET Digital (CON...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Animal Biotelemetry
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Animal Biotelemetry
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2015
    Data sources: CONICET Digital
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CONICET Digital (CON...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Animal Biotelemetry
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      Animal Biotelemetry
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CONICET Digital
      Article . 2015
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nafissatou Traore; Laetitia Le Pourhiet; Joel Frelat; Frédérique Rolandone; +1 Authors

    International audience; Geodetic observations across most of the major strike-slip faults show an interseismic strain rate, which presents a sharp localization of elastic shear strain in the fault vicinity (20-60 km). The screw dislocation model of Savage & Burford is commonly used to fit these geodetic data and to retrieve the far field velocity and the locking depth. This model is very popular because of its inherent simplicity to derive fault slip rates, and mostly because it predicts locking depths, which are of the same order of magnitude as the base of the seismogenic zone (5-20 km). A first issue with the screw dislocation model is that localization is paradoxically introduced by imposing a step function in the velocity field at a depth where the crust is otherwise recognized to behave following a viscous rheology. A second issue with this model is that it is not consistent with the rheological model of the crust that is valid for both post- seismic (1-10 yr), interseismic (several thousand years) and long-term geodynamic (several thousand to several million years) timescales. Here we use numerical models to study how alternative and more geologically realistic boundary conditions and rheological structures can lead to the localization of elastic strain at the Earth's surface during the interseismic period. We find that simple elastic models resembling the Savage & Burford model but driven by far field plate velocity are inefficient at localizing strain unless this driving velocity is transmitted by a rigid indentor. We also find that models including a weak viscous heterogeneity beneath the fault zone are able to produce appropriate localization of the deformation near the fault. This alternative class of model is shown to be pertinent in regards to the boundary conditions and geological observations along exhumed ductile strike-slip shear zone.

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    Geophysical Journal International
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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: de Rosnay, Patricia; Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin; Albergel, Clément; Isaksen, Lars; +3 Authors

    International audience; This paper presents the forward modelling aspects of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) activities at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Several parameterizations of the Community Microwave Emission Modelling Platform (CMEM) are used to simulate L-band Brightness Temperatures (TBs) and compared to the SMOS TBs for 2010-2011. We show that simulated TBs are primarily sensitive, by order of importance, to the soil roughness model, the vegetation opacity and the soil dielectric model. In particular, best CMEM results are obtained with the simple Wigneron soil roughness model and the Wigneron model for the vegetation opacity. For the soil dielectric model, performances of the Wang and Schmugge and the Mironov models are shown to be similar and better than the Dobson model. The Wang and Schmugge model is then used in the next steps of this paper combined with the Wigneron roughness and vegetation models. The paper describes a multi-angular multi-polarised bias correction method based on a linear rescaling (mean and variance) computed at the monthly scale using SMOS observations and ECMWF-CMEM re-analysed TBs for a four year period (2010-2013). Results show that for 2010-2013 the seasonal multi-angular multi-polarisation bias correction approach reduces global RMSE to 7.91 K, compared to 16.7 K before bias correction, whereas the mean absolute bias is reduced to 1.39 K, compared to 11.04 K before bias correction. The consistency between the seasonality of simulated and the observed TBs is also improved by using a monthly bias correction, leading to correlation values improvement to 0.62 after bias correction compared to 0.56 before. The 2010-2013 bias correction applied to the 2014-2016 period at 40°incidence reduces the global RMSE from 15.56 K to 8.19 K, and the mean absolute bias from 10.16 K to 2.51 K, with no impact on the correlation values that remain at 0.61 in both cases. Long term monitoring of SMOS TB is presented covering a 7-year period (2010-2016) at both polarisations, at 40°incidence angle. Results show that the consistency between SMOS and ECMWF reanalysis-based TBs progressively improved between 2010 and 2016, pointing out improvements of level 1 SMOS TB products quality through the SMOS lifetime.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Remote Sensing of En...arrow_drop_down
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rodríguez-Trejo, A; Alva-Valdivia, L.; Perrin, Mireille,; Hervé, G; +1 Authors

    SummaryThe great wealth of volcanism along the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and the need to improve the secular variation curve of the Earth magnetic field of the region is the aim of this research. 300 oriented cores from 33 sites and 21 individual cooling units were acquired from Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic field (ChVF) and Sierra de Santa Catarina (SSC). Directional analysis and rock magnetic experiments were performed (e.g. thermal demagnetization, hysteresis loop, susceptibility vs temperature), achieving 21 new averaged palaeomagnetic directions. New results are consistent with the previous studies on the same cooling unit. We compiled all the palaeomagnetic studies performed on the ChVF, updating age and calculating an average direction per cooling unit and estimating an overall mean direction for the ChVF (Dec = 359.1°, Inc = 35.3°, N = 33, k = 21.6, α95 = 5.5°, Plat = 87.7° N, Plong = 227.4° E, K = 31.8, A95 = 4.5°).Afterwards, we compiled all the previous palaeomagnetic studies along the whole TMVB with age ranging from 0 to 1.5 Ma, and constrained the directional analyses by specific quality criteria such as well-defined age, number of samples and quality of kappa) on the cooling unit consistency.The mean direction and virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) estimated for the TMVB, during the periods 0–40 ka and 0–1.5 Ma, are close to the geographic pole, supporting the validity of the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis. The directional results of this study also fit well with the predictions at Mexico City of the models SHA.DIF.14k and CALS10k2 calculated for the last 14 ka. The dispersion of the VGP's on the TMVB are also consistent with the expected values proposed by different models of palaeosecular variation. However, large gaps in the temporal record remain that should be filled by further palaeomagnetic studies.

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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
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    Authors: Stefan M. Schmalholz; Thibault Duretz; György Hetényi; Sergei Medvedev;

    International audience; Magnitudes of differential stress in the lithosphere, especially in the crust, are still disputed. Earthquake-based stress drop estimates indicate median values ca. 180 MPa, corresponding to a friction angle of ca. 10° to maintain the topographic relief between lowland and plateau for >10 Ma. The relative contribution of crustal strength to total lithospheric strength varies considerably laterally. In the region between lowland and plateau and inside the plateau the depth-integrated crustal strength is approximately equal to the depth-integrated strength of the mantle lithosphere. Simple analytical formulae predicting the lateral variation of depth-integrated stresses agree with numerically calculated stress fields, which show both the accuracy of the numerical results and the applicability of simple, rheology-independent, analytical predictions to highly variable, rheology-dependent stress fields. Our results indicate that (1) crustal strength can be locally equal to mantle lithosphere strength and that (2) crustal stresses must be at least one order of magnitude larger than median stress drops in order to support the plateau relief over a duration of ca. 10 Ma.

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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
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    Authors: Legrand, Michel; McConnell, Joseph R.; Preunkert, Susanne; Arienzo, Monica; +5 Authors

    Iodine is an important nutrient and a significant sink of tropospheric ozone, a climate-forcing gas and air pollutant. Ozone interacts with seawater iodide, leading to volatile inorganic iodine release that likely represents the largest source of atmospheric iodine. Increasing ozone concentrations since the preindustrial period imply that iodine chemistry and its associated ozone destruction is now substantially more active. However, the lack of historical observations of ozone and iodine means that such estimates rely primarily on model calculations. Here we use seasonally resolved records from an Alpine ice core to investigate 20th century changes in atmospheric iodine. After carefully considering possible postdepositional changes in the ice core record, we conclude that iodine deposition over the Alps increased by at least a factor of 3 from 1950 to the 1990s in the summer months, with smaller increases during the winter months. We reproduce these general trends using a chemical transport model and show that they are due to increased oceanic iodine emissions, coupled to a change in iodine speciation over Europe from enhanced nitrogen oxide emissions. The model underestimates the increase in iodine deposition by a factor of 2, however, which may be due to an underestimate in the 20th century ozone increase. Our results suggest that iodine’s impact on the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere accelerated over the 20th century and show a coupling between anthropogenic pollution and the availability of iodine as an essential nutrient to the terrestrial biosphere. Significance Our measurements show a tripling of iodine in Alpine ice between 1950 and 1990. A 20th century increase in global iodine emissions has been previously found from model simulations, based on laboratory studies, but, up to now, long-term iodine records exist only in polar regions. These polar records are influenced by sea ice processes, which may obscure global iodine trends. Our results suggest that the increased iodine deposition over the Alps is consistent with increased oceanic iodine emissions coupled with a change in the iodine speciation, both driven by increasing anthropogenic NOx emissions. In turn, the recent increase of iodine emissions implies that iodine-related ozone loss in the troposphere is more active now than in the preindustrial period.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiaodong, Tan; Kennethp., Kodama; Gilder, Stuart,; Courtillot, Vincent; +1 Authors

    International audience; Fold axis strikes in the Yangtze fold belt of the South China Block (SCB) undergo significant changes over distances of >1000 km. This large-scale variation provides an ideal opportunity to test the oroclinal-bending hypothesis using palaeomagnetic methods, which we have attempted by drilling the Lower Triassic Daye Formation limestones in western Hubei Province. Thermal demagnetization isolated two components in most samples. A low unblocking temperature component (400 °C , unblocks univectorially towards the origin. The HTC passes the McFadden-fold test with an overall mean tilt-corrected direction of Dec = 255°, Inc =-24° (N= 7, α95= 9°) . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations suggest an early diagenetic, possible (bio)chemical origin for the magnetic extracts dominated by Ti-poor magnetite. Rock magnetic data show no evidence that the HTC has been affected by tectonic or compaction strain. Our data together with previously published results suggest a general clockwise rotation pattern in the Middle Yangtze fold belt, which is probably related to the collision between the North and SCBs. Comparison of palaeomagnetic rotations with fold axis trends in the fold belt suggests that about 30° clockwise rotation occurred in the Middle reaches of the Yangtze River, while a 15° difference in fold axis trends would be due to initial variation within the fold belt. However, since little is known about the timing of the clockwise rotation, whether the Middle Yangtze fold belt is an orocline awaits further studies.

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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Rosalie Fuchs; Christel Pinazo; Pascal Douillet; Marion Fraysse; +3 Authors

    International audience; Since 2005, wind-driven 'sporadic' coastal upwelling events have been identified off the southwestern reef of New Caledonia. Several studies have described the main physical processes and induced surface patterns using 1D and 3D modelling, as well as in situ measurements. Previous models were applied at the mesoscale without taking into account the lagoon. Using a recently developed 3D coupled physical-biogeochemical model that considers the complex ocean-lagoon interface, we aim to understand better the impact of the upwelling on the lagoon. The model was found to be in good agreement with measured data reported in previous publications about two upwelling events. However, in general, levels of surface chlorophyll-a were overestimated by the model in the upwelling area when compared to ocean colour data and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the discrepancy. We then tracked rich upwelled water using a forward Lagrangian transport analysis. Upwelled waters from the upper nutricline were found to be able to reach the South West lagoon. An anti-cyclonic eddy was detected near the upwelling area, potentially responsible, in part, for the rich water intrusions into the lagoon.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2013
    Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Marie-Elodie Perga; Stephen C. Maberly; Jean-Philippe Jenny; Benjamin Alric; +2 Authors

    AbstractNow that evasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters is accounted for in global carbon models, it is crucial to quantify how these fluxes have changed in the past and forecast how they may alter in the future in response to local and global change. Here we developed a sediment proxy for the concentration of summer surface dissolved CO2 concentration and used it to reconstruct changes over the past 150 years for three large lakes that have been affected by climate warming, changes in nutrient load, and detrital terrigenous supplies. Initially CO2 neutral to the atmosphere, all three lakes subsequently fluctuated between near equilibrium and supersaturation. Although catchment inputs have supplied CO2 to the lakes, internal processes and reallocation have ultimately regulated decadal changes in lake surface CO2 concentration. Nutrient concentration has been the dominant driver of CO2 variability for a century although the reproducible, nonmonotonic relationship of CO2 to nutrient concentration suggests an interplay between metabolic and chemical processes. Yet for two of these lakes, climatic control of CO2 concentrations has been important over the last 30 years, promoting higher surface CO2 concentrations, likely by decreasing hypolimnetic carbon storage. This new approach offers the unique opportunity to scale, a posteriori, the long‐term impact of human activities on lake CO2.

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2016
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    Authors: Julia Gottschalk; Luke C Skinner; Samuel L Jaccard; Laurie Menviel; +2 Authors

    International audience; Past millennial-scale changes in atmospheric CO2 (CO2,atm) concentrations have often been attributed to variations in the overturning timescale of the ocean that result in changes in the marine carbon inventory. Yet, there remains a paucity of proxy evidence that documents changes in marine carbon storage globally, and that links them to abrupt climate variability in the northern hemisphere associated with perturbations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The last two glacial periods were suggested to differ in the spatial extent of the AMOC and its sensitivity to perturbations. This provides an opportunity to compare the nature of marine carbon cycle-climate feedbacks between them. Here, we reconstruct variations in respired carbon storage (via oxygenation) and the AMOC “geometry” (via carbonate ion saturation) in the deep South Atlantic. We infer decreases in deep South Atlantic respired carbon levels at times of weakened AMOC and rising CO2,atm concentrations during both glacial periods. These findings suggest a consistent pattern of increased Southern Ocean convection and/or air-sea CO2 fluxes during northern-hemisphere stadials accompanying AMOC perturbations and promoting a rise in CO2,atm levels. We find that net ocean carbon loss, and hence the magnitude of CO2,atm rise, is largely determined by the stadial duration. North Atlantic climate anomalies therefore affect Southern Ocean carbon cycling in a consistent manner, through oceanic (e.g., ventilation seesaw) and/or atmospheric processes (e.g., Ekman pumping).

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    Quaternary Science Reviews
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    https://doi.org/10.7892/boris....
    Other literature type . 2020
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Williams, H., J; Shepard, E., L C; Duriez, Olivier; Lambertucci, S., A;

    Background: Accelerometry has been used to identify behaviours through the quantification of body posture and motion for a range of species moving in different media. This technique has not been applied to flight behaviours to the same degree, having only been used to distinguish flapping from soaring flight, even though identifying the type of soaring flight could provide important insights into the factors underlying movement paths in soaring birds. This may be due to the complexities of interpreting acceleration data, as movement in the aerial environment may be influenced by phenomena such as centripetal acceleration (pulling-g). This study used high-resolution movement data on the flight of free-living Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and a captive Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) to examine the influence of gravitational, dynamic and centripetal acceleration in different flight types. Flight behaviour was categorised as thermal soaring, slope soaring, gliding and flapping, using changes in altitude and heading from magnetometry data. We examined the ability of the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm to distinguish between these behaviours using acceleration data alone. Results: Values of the vectorial static body acceleration (VeSBA) suggest that these birds experience relatively little centripetal acceleration in flight, though this varies between flight types. Centripetal acceleration appears to be of most influence during thermal soaring; consequently, it is not possible to derive bank angle from smoothed values of lateral acceleration. In contrast, the smoothed acceleration values in the dorso-ventral axis provide insight into body pitch, which varied linearly with airspeed. Classification of passive flight types via KNN was limited, with low accuracy and precision for soaring and gliding. Conclusion: The importance of soaring was evident in the high proportion of time each bird spent in this flight mode (52.17–84.00 %). Accelerometry alone was limited in its ability to distinguish between passive flight types, though smoothed values in the dorso-ventral axis did vary with airspeed. Other sensors, in particular the magnetometer, provided powerful methods of identifying flight behaviour and these data may be better suited for automated behavioural identification. This should provide further insight into the type and strength of updraughts available to soaring birds. Fil: Williams, H. J.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Shepard, E. L. C.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Duriez, O.. Universite Montpellier Ii; Francia Fil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

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    Animal Biotelemetry
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    Animal Biotelemetry
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2015
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      Animal Biotelemetry
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      Animal Biotelemetry
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      CONICET Digital
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    Authors: Nafissatou Traore; Laetitia Le Pourhiet; Joel Frelat; Frédérique Rolandone; +1 Authors

    International audience; Geodetic observations across most of the major strike-slip faults show an interseismic strain rate, which presents a sharp localization of elastic shear strain in the fault vicinity (20-60 km). The screw dislocation model of Savage & Burford is commonly used to fit these geodetic data and to retrieve the far field velocity and the locking depth. This model is very popular because of its inherent simplicity to derive fault slip rates, and mostly because it predicts locking depths, which are of the same order of magnitude as the base of the seismogenic zone (5-20 km). A first issue with the screw dislocation model is that localization is paradoxically introduced by imposing a step function in the velocity field at a depth where the crust is otherwise recognized to behave following a viscous rheology. A second issue with this model is that it is not consistent with the rheological model of the crust that is valid for both post- seismic (1-10 yr), interseismic (several thousand years) and long-term geodynamic (several thousand to several million years) timescales. Here we use numerical models to study how alternative and more geologically realistic boundary conditions and rheological structures can lead to the localization of elastic strain at the Earth's surface during the interseismic period. We find that simple elastic models resembling the Savage & Burford model but driven by far field plate velocity are inefficient at localizing strain unless this driving velocity is transmitted by a rigid indentor. We also find that models including a weak viscous heterogeneity beneath the fault zone are able to produce appropriate localization of the deformation near the fault. This alternative class of model is shown to be pertinent in regards to the boundary conditions and geological observations along exhumed ductile strike-slip shear zone.

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    Geophysical Journal International
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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: de Rosnay, Patricia; Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin; Albergel, Clément; Isaksen, Lars; +3 Authors

    International audience; This paper presents the forward modelling aspects of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) activities at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Several parameterizations of the Community Microwave Emission Modelling Platform (CMEM) are used to simulate L-band Brightness Temperatures (TBs) and compared to the SMOS TBs for 2010-2011. We show that simulated TBs are primarily sensitive, by order of importance, to the soil roughness model, the vegetation opacity and the soil dielectric model. In particular, best CMEM results are obtained with the simple Wigneron soil roughness model and the Wigneron model for the vegetation opacity. For the soil dielectric model, performances of the Wang and Schmugge and the Mironov models are shown to be similar and better than the Dobson model. The Wang and Schmugge model is then used in the next steps of this paper combined with the Wigneron roughness and vegetation models. The paper describes a multi-angular multi-polarised bias correction method based on a linear rescaling (mean and variance) computed at the monthly scale using SMOS observations and ECMWF-CMEM re-analysed TBs for a four year period (2010-2013). Results show that for 2010-2013 the seasonal multi-angular multi-polarisation bias correction approach reduces global RMSE to 7.91 K, compared to 16.7 K before bias correction, whereas the mean absolute bias is reduced to 1.39 K, compared to 11.04 K before bias correction. The consistency between the seasonality of simulated and the observed TBs is also improved by using a monthly bias correction, leading to correlation values improvement to 0.62 after bias correction compared to 0.56 before. The 2010-2013 bias correction applied to the 2014-2016 period at 40°incidence reduces the global RMSE from 15.56 K to 8.19 K, and the mean absolute bias from 10.16 K to 2.51 K, with no impact on the correlation values that remain at 0.61 in both cases. Long term monitoring of SMOS TB is presented covering a 7-year period (2010-2016) at both polarisations, at 40°incidence angle. Results show that the consistency between SMOS and ECMWF reanalysis-based TBs progressively improved between 2010 and 2016, pointing out improvements of level 1 SMOS TB products quality through the SMOS lifetime.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
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    Authors: Rodríguez-Trejo, A; Alva-Valdivia, L.; Perrin, Mireille,; Hervé, G; +1 Authors

    SummaryThe great wealth of volcanism along the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and the need to improve the secular variation curve of the Earth magnetic field of the region is the aim of this research. 300 oriented cores from 33 sites and 21 individual cooling units were acquired from Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic field (ChVF) and Sierra de Santa Catarina (SSC). Directional analysis and rock magnetic experiments were performed (e.g. thermal demagnetization, hysteresis loop, susceptibility vs temperature), achieving 21 new averaged palaeomagnetic directions. New results are consistent with the previous studies on the same cooling unit. We compiled all the palaeomagnetic studies performed on the ChVF, updating age and calculating an average direction per cooling unit and estimating an overall mean direction for the ChVF (Dec = 359.1°, Inc = 35.3°, N = 33, k = 21.6, α95 = 5.5°, Plat = 87.7° N, Plong = 227.4° E, K = 31.8, A95 = 4.5°).Afterwards, we compiled all the previous palaeomagnetic studies along the whole TMVB with age ranging from 0 to 1.5 Ma, and constrained the directional analyses by specific quality criteria such as well-defined age, number of samples and quality of kappa) on the cooling unit consistency.The mean direction and virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) estimated for the TMVB, during the periods 0–40 ka and 0–1.5 Ma, are close to the geographic pole, supporting the validity of the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis. The directional results of this study also fit well with the predictions at Mexico City of the models SHA.DIF.14k and CALS10k2 calculated for the last 14 ka. The dispersion of the VGP's on the TMVB are also consistent with the expected values proposed by different models of palaeosecular variation. However, large gaps in the temporal record remain that should be filled by further palaeomagnetic studies.

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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Stefan M. Schmalholz; Thibault Duretz; György Hetényi; Sergei Medvedev;

    International audience; Magnitudes of differential stress in the lithosphere, especially in the crust, are still disputed. Earthquake-based stress drop estimates indicate median values ca. 180 MPa, corresponding to a friction angle of ca. 10° to maintain the topographic relief between lowland and plateau for >10 Ma. The relative contribution of crustal strength to total lithospheric strength varies considerably laterally. In the region between lowland and plateau and inside the plateau the depth-integrated crustal strength is approximately equal to the depth-integrated strength of the mantle lithosphere. Simple analytical formulae predicting the lateral variation of depth-integrated stresses agree with numerically calculated stress fields, which show both the accuracy of the numerical results and the applicability of simple, rheology-independent, analytical predictions to highly variable, rheology-dependent stress fields. Our results indicate that (1) crustal strength can be locally equal to mantle lithosphere strength and that (2) crustal stresses must be at least one order of magnitude larger than median stress drops in order to support the plateau relief over a duration of ca. 10 Ma.

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    Geophysical Journal International
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Legrand, Michel; McConnell, Joseph R.; Preunkert, Susanne; Arienzo, Monica; +5 Authors

    Iodine is an important nutrient and a significant sink of tropospheric ozone, a climate-forcing gas and air pollutant. Ozone interacts with seawater iodide, leading to volatile inorganic iodine release that likely represents the largest source of atmospheric iodine. Increasing ozone concentrations since the preindustrial period imply that iodine chemistry and its associated ozone destruction is now substantially more active. However, the lack of historical observations of ozone and iodine means that such estimates rely primarily on model calculations. Here we use seasonally resolved records from an Alpine ice core to investigate 20th century changes in atmospheric iodine. After carefully considering possible postdepositional changes in the ice core record, we conclude that iodine deposition over the Alps increased by at least a factor of 3 from 1950 to the 1990s in the summer months, with smaller increases during the winter months. We reproduce these general trends using a chemical transport model and show that they are due to increased oceanic iodine emissions, coupled to a change in iodine speciation over Europe from enhanced nitrogen oxide emissions. The model underestimates the increase in iodine deposition by a factor of 2, however, which may be due to an underestimate in the 20th century ozone increase. Our results suggest that iodine’s impact on the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere accelerated over the 20th century and show a coupling between anthropogenic pollution and the availability of iodine as an essential nutrient to the terrestrial biosphere. Significance Our measurements show a tripling of iodine in Alpine ice between 1950 and 1990. A 20th century increase in global iodine emissions has been previously found from model simulations, based on laboratory studies, but, up to now, long-term iodine records exist only in polar regions. These polar records are influenced by sea ice processes, which may obscure global iodine trends. Our results suggest that the increased iodine deposition over the Alps is consistent with increased oceanic iodine emissions coupled with a change in the iodine speciation, both driven by increasing anthropogenic NOx emissions. In turn, the recent increase of iodine emissions implies that iodine-related ozone loss in the troposphere is more active now than in the preindustrial period.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
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