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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lucquin, Alexandre; Robson, Harry K.; Oras, Ester; Lundy, Jasmine; +26 Authors

    To investigate changes in culinary practices associated with the arrival of farming, we analysed the organic residues of over 1,000 pottery vessels from hunter-gatherer-fisher and early agricultural sites across Northern Europe from the Lower Rhine Basin to the Northeastern Baltic. Here, pottery was widely used by hunter-gatherer-fishers prior to the introduction of domesticated animals and plants. Overall, there was surprising continuity in the way that hunter-gatherer-fishers and farmers used pottery. Both aquatic products and wild plants remained prevalent, a pattern repeated consistently across the study area. We argue that the rapid adaptation of farming communities to exploit coastal and lagoonal resources facilitated their northerly expansion, and in some cases, hunting, gathering, and fishing became the most dominant subsistence strategy. Nevertheless, dairy products frequently appear in pottery associated with the earliest farming groups often mixed with wild plants and fish. Interestingly, we also find compelling evidence of dairy products in hunter-gatherer-fisher Ertebølle pottery, which predates the arrival of domesticated animals. We propose that Ertebølle hunter-gatherer-fishers frequently acquired dairy products through exchange with adjacent farming communities prior to the transition. The continuity observed in pottery use across the transition to farming contrasts with the analysis of human remains which shows substantial demographic change through ancient DNA and, in some cases, a reduction in marine consumption through stable isotope analysis. We postulate that farmers acquired the knowledge and skills they needed to succeed from local hunter-gatherer-fishers but without substantial admixture.

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    https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Proceedings of the N...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
      Other literature type . 2023
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    Authors: Leventis, Georgios; Argyriou, Athanasios; Cerra, Daniele; Hadjimitsis, Diofantos;

    The Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa (EMMENA) regions are rich in Cultural Heritage (CH) sites that have been subject to various threats, including conflicts, natural disasters, and urban development. Effective risk assessment and monitoring are essential to preserve and protect these assets. Towards that direction novel technologies and their integration can be valuable for a holistic framework of managing diverse datasets and providing a robust safeguarding of CH assets. A data cube is a multidimensional representation of data that allows for efficient and flexible analysis, designed to support online analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining. Data cubes can be regarded as a three-dimensional structure, with each cell representing a unique combination of values from the different dimensions. By creating a data cube that includes several satellite and geospatial data sources, organizations can gain a more holistic understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with CH sites as well as to identify patterns and trends that might not be apparent in individual data sets. Within this context, it becomes apparent that data cubes allow for a multidimensional view of the risk landscape and can be used to create data-driven predictive models forecasting risks and opportunities for CH assets, in order for them to be preserved and protected for future generations. The risk assessment and monitoring framework used in this study can be easily transferred, in order to monitor CH sites in any sensitive region and can be adapted to include data from other sources and monitor different types of threats, including climate change related, environmental, and social risks.

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    Ktisis
    Conference object . 2023
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    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Marinos Eliades; Silas Michaelides; Evagoras Evagorou; Kyriaki Fotiou; +14 Authors

    Earth observation (EO) techniques have significantly evolved over time, covering a wide range of applications in different domains. The scope of this study is to review the research conducted on EO in the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa (EMMENA) region and to identify the main knowledge gaps. We searched through the Web of Science database for papers published between 2018 and 2022 for EO studies in the EMMENA. We categorized the papers in the following thematic areas: atmosphere, water, agriculture, land, disaster risk reduction (DRR), cultural heritage, energy, marine safety and security (MSS), and big Earth data (BED); 6647 papers were found with the highest number of publications in the thematic areas of BED (27%) and land (22%). Most of the EMMENA countries are surrounded by sea, yet there was a very small number of studies on MSS (0.9% of total number of papers). This study detected a gap in fundamental research in the BED thematic area. Other future needs identified by this study are the limited availability of very high-resolution and near-real-time remote sensing data, the lack of harmonized methodologies and the need for further development of models, algorithms, early warning systems, and services.

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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ktisis
    Article . 2023
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      Remote Sensing
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ktisis
      Article . 2023
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      DOAJ
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    Authors: Pichon, Fiona; Ibáñez Estevez, Juan José; Anderson, Patricia C.; Tsuneki, Akira;

    Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq is the only Neolithic site in Northeastern Iran, characterised by aceramic and ceramic levels corresponding to an occupation of 1500 years from the eighth to the end of the sixth millennium BCE. The Western and Eastern Mounds represent the oldest and longest occupation among the sites identified East of the Zagros, providing a unique context to explore the origin and spread of farming outside the core area of the Eastern Fertile Crescent. We present data about the first harvesting activities in the Northeastern Iranian Central Plateau by applying usewear and microtexture analysis through confocal microscopy on sickle gloss blades. Our results indicate a community of pioneer farmers who settled down in the area carrying with them both domestic cereals as well as advanced techniques of cereal cultivation. We demonstrate that most of the tools were used for harvesting cereals in a fully ripened state collected near the ground, indicating a well-established cereal cultivation strategy. The use of straight shafts with parallel inserts in Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq, as known in some sites in the Zagros, suggests the dispersal of farming practices and technologies from the Eastern Fertile Crescent north-eastward across Iran. We observe an evolution in the degree of ripeness of harvested cereals along the first four levels of occupation of the Western Mound, where semi-ripe harvesting is relatively important, suggesting that domestic cereals to be harvested before full maturity were introduced into the village. From the topmost of the Western Mound and along the occupation of the Eastern Mound, ripe harvesting is dominant, showing a well-established cultivation strategy of fully mature cereal. This shift could indicate an in-situ evolution towards a better-established agricultural technology, including harvesting riper crops, that would have resulted in higher yields, as cereals were collected when the grain was fully formed. The use-wear analysis was conducted under the supervision of Prof. A. Tsunaki at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba in the framework of the post-doctoral project “From Tools to People: Early Neolithic Farming Societies in Southwest Asia (8th-6th mill. cal BC”, funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship – Standard 2019 to FP) and a financial support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5133-CNRS, internal funding to FP). The confocal analysis was carried out at the Milá y Fontanals Institute (CSIC) in Barcelona (Spain) in the framework of the EU-funded ObsTrade project (H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, 101032910 to FP). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Peer reviewed

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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2023
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    DOAJ
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    Authors: Claudia Chang; Sergei S. Ivanov; Robert N. Spengler; Basira Mir-Makhamad; +1 Authors

    In this paper, we use preliminary archaeological data spanning the Iron Age through Medieval periods (ca. 800 BCE to 1200 CE) in the Juuku Valley in Kyrgyzstan on the south side of Lake Issyk-Kul to model land use across vertical mountain zones. We have (1) established a radiometric chronology; (2) conducted test excavations of an Iron Age settlement at 2100 m asl and a Turkic period burial at 1934 m asl; (3) undertaken preliminary archaeobotanical research; and (4) performed pedestrian surveys. Archaeobotanical remains of wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), broomcorn millet (Panicum milaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and legumes were recovered in very small quantities from both sites. We compare these preliminary archaeobotanical results with previously published data from Talgar Iron Age settlements on the north side of the Tian Shan Mountain range in Kazakhstan. A small assemblage of faunal remains found at the Turkic period kurgan and from a profile at the upland Iron Age settlement demonstrates the practice of herding sheep/goats, cattle, and horses in the Juuku Valley. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that pastoral transhumance and agropastoralism were interchangeable economic strategies used by peoples in the Iron Age through Medieval periods in mountain-river valleys between 600 m to 2100 m asl. These economic strategies combined the pasturing of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses with the cultivation of cereals in a system that was adapted to different vegetational zones along a vertical gradient. This paper is based on preliminary research using survey data and test excavations and initiates a long-term research study of four millennia of settlements that appear to have ranged from pastoral transhumance and combined mountain agriculture. 1. Introduction 1.1. Theoretical Perspectives 1.2. Our Model 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Areas 2.1.1. The Talgar Alluvial Fan 2.1.2. The Juuku Valley 2.2. Chronological Framework for the Juuku Valley 2.3. Test Excavations and Kurgan Excavations 2.3.1. Lower Juuku Kurgan 1 2.3.2. Block Excavations at Eastern Juuku Settlement 1 2.3.3. Profiles 4 and 6 2.4. Radiometric Dating 2.5. Archaeobotanical Sampling 3. Results 3.1. The Radiometric Sequence for Juuku Valley 3.1.1. Kurgan Excavation 3.1.2. Excavations at EJS1 3.1.3. Archaeobotanical Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusions

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    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Garcia-Molsosa, A; Orengo, HA; Petrie, CA;

    AbstractAlluvial floodplains were one of the major venues of the development and long-term transformation of urban agrarian-based societies. The historical relationship between human societies and riverine environments created a rich archaeological record, but it is one that is not always easy to access due to the dynamism of alluvial floodplains and the geomorphological processes driven their hydrological regimes. Alluvial floodplains are also targeted for urban and agricultural expansion, which both have the potential to pose threats to cultural heritage and the environment if not carefully managed. Analysis that combines Historical Cartography and Remote Sensing sources to identify potential archaeological sites and river palaeochannels is an important first step towards the reconstruction of settlement patterns in different historical periods and their relationship to the history of hydrological networks. We are able to use different computational methods to great effect, including algorithms to enhance the visualization of different features of the landscape; and for processing large quantity of data using Machine-Learning based methods. Here we integrate those methods for the first time in a single study case: a section of the Indus River basin. Using a combined approach, it has been possible to map the historical hydrological network in a detail never achieved before and identify hundreds of potential archaeological sites previously unknown. Discussing these datasets together, we address the interpretation of the archaeological record, and highlight how Remote Sensing approaches can inform future research, heritage documentation, management, and preservation. The paper concludes with a targeted analysis of our datasets in the light of previous field-based research in order to provide preliminary insights on how long-term processes might have re-worked historical landscapes and their potential implications for the study of settlement patterns in different Historical periods in this region, thereby highlighting the potential for such integrated approaches.

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    Apollo
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    Heritage Science
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      Heritage Science
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    Authors: Maria Antónia Pires de Almeida; Carlos Manuel Faísca; Dulce Freire;

    Desde el siglo XVII, el regadío se apunta como una solución para asentar población en el Alentejo debido al aumento de la producción agrícola y la consecuente reforma agraria. Sin embargo, solo desde mediados del siglo XX se produjo un crecimiento de las zonas de regadío. Después de más de seis décadas, este trabajo estudia el impacto de la construcción de la presa de Maranhão, Avis, Alentejo cruzando los objetivos fijados con la respectiva evolución demográfica, económica y social. Del análisis de distintas series estadísticas se concluye que la mayoría de los objetivos no se alcanzaron. Avis es hoy un territorio despoblado, con bajos índices de desarrollo y una estructura agraria latifundista. Además, se ha producido una expansión de los monocultivos intensivos, poniendo en peligro la sostenibilidad medioambiental regional. Esta reflexión basada en el análisis histórico es fundamental en un momento en que se anuncia la construcción de nuevas presas. Since the 17th century, irrigation has been seen as a solution for reverse depopulation in the Alentejo due to the increase in agricultural production and the consequent land reform. However, only from the mid-20th century onwards there was a growth of irrigated areas. After more than six decades, this article studies the impact of the construction of the Maranhão dam, Avis, Alentejo crossing the proposed objectives with the respective demographic, economic and social developments. From the analysis of different statistical series, it is concluded that most of the objectives were not achieved. Avis is today a depopulated territory, with low development rates and a latifundium property structure. Additionally, there has been a rapid expansion of intensive monocultures, endangering the environmental sustainability of the region. This reflection based on historical analysis is fundamental at a time when the construction of new dams is being announced. Este trabalho foi financiado pela FCT no âmbito do projeto estratégico UIDB/00460/2020 e executado no âmbito do projeto individual DryMed – Exploring dryland: agrarian systems and crop varieties in Mediterranean Iberia (2022.08206.CEECIND) e ReSEED project (grant agreement n° 760090). This study was conducted at Research Center in Political Science (UID/CPO/0758/2020), University of Minho and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science through national funds. The research for this paper was done within the scope of ReSEED project that is financed by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n° 760090) having Dulce Freire as principal investigator.

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    Mundo Agrario
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    Authors: Barrientos, Francisco; Egusquiza, Aitziber; de Luca, Claudia; Tondelli, Simona; +6 Authors

    Rural areas in Europe represent outstanding examples of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CNH) that could be used as a valuable asset for social and economic development. This article describes the process for developing a monitoring platform based on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and implemented in six rural areas around Europe. The goal of this monitoring system is to provide evidence of the role of CNH in rural areas as a driver for sustainable growth. Several data collection procedures are described, including regular, non-regular, and co-monitoring. To combine the selected cross-thematic and multi-scale KPIs, weights have been assigned to indicators, according to the knowledge provided by domain experts and using group decision-making techniques. A detailed description of the dashboards developed for the monitoring platform, and all the information gathered is included. Several dashboards have been designed focusing on KPI values and their evolution.

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    Authors: Maria Lodovica Gullino;

    Women first began to take a stance in science over 50 years ago, and since then, they have produced a great number of publications. However, the first step towards science was a matter of accrediting women as rightful members of the scientific community. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women started to enter into graduate programmes, and such a step helped them to make a difference. In many cases and many countries, botanists and mycologists were, in some way, pioneering in the plant pathology discipline. This manuscript considers some of the women who led the way in plant pathology, with a special focus on those who also dealt with the early aspects of plant disease management. Women who were active in different geographical areas are featured, and an attempt has also been made to provide some less well-known stories. Moreover, the importance of women behind the scenes, as is the case for many lab and field technicians, whose lives have not been chronicled, is acknowledged. Finally, some suggestions are given on how to improve the present situation and increase the number of women in science as well as in technical positions, with special emphasis on the positive effect of female mentors and role models.

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    Frontiers in Agronomy
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      Frontiers in Agronomy
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    Authors: Bartalesi, Valentina; Coro, Gianpaolo; Lenzi, Emanuele; Pagano, Pasquale; +1 Authors

    Digital maps greatly support storytelling about territories, especially when enriched with data describing cultural, societal, and ecological aspects, conveying emotional messages that describe the territory as a whole. Story maps are interactive online digital narratives that can describe a territory beyond its map by enriching the map with text, pictures, videos, and other multimedia information. This paper presents a semi-automatic workflow to produce story maps from textual documents containing territory data. An expert first assembles one territory-contextual document containing text and images. Then, automatic processes use natural language processing and Wikidata services to (i) extract key concepts (entities) and geospatial coordinates associated with the territory, (ii) assemble a logically-ordered sequence of enriched story-map events, and (iii) openly publish online story maps and an interoperable Linked Open Data semantic knowledge base for event exploration and inter-story correlation analyses. Our workflow uses an Open Science-oriented methodology to publish all processes and data. Through our workflow, we produced story maps for the value chains and territories of 23 rural European areas of 16 countries. Through numerical evaluation, we demonstrated that territory experts considered the story maps effective in describing their territories, and appropriate for communicating with citizens and stakeholders.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lucquin, Alexandre; Robson, Harry K.; Oras, Ester; Lundy, Jasmine; +26 Authors

    To investigate changes in culinary practices associated with the arrival of farming, we analysed the organic residues of over 1,000 pottery vessels from hunter-gatherer-fisher and early agricultural sites across Northern Europe from the Lower Rhine Basin to the Northeastern Baltic. Here, pottery was widely used by hunter-gatherer-fishers prior to the introduction of domesticated animals and plants. Overall, there was surprising continuity in the way that hunter-gatherer-fishers and farmers used pottery. Both aquatic products and wild plants remained prevalent, a pattern repeated consistently across the study area. We argue that the rapid adaptation of farming communities to exploit coastal and lagoonal resources facilitated their northerly expansion, and in some cases, hunting, gathering, and fishing became the most dominant subsistence strategy. Nevertheless, dairy products frequently appear in pottery associated with the earliest farming groups often mixed with wild plants and fish. Interestingly, we also find compelling evidence of dairy products in hunter-gatherer-fisher Ertebølle pottery, which predates the arrival of domesticated animals. We propose that Ertebølle hunter-gatherer-fishers frequently acquired dairy products through exchange with adjacent farming communities prior to the transition. The continuity observed in pottery use across the transition to farming contrasts with the analysis of human remains which shows substantial demographic change through ancient DNA and, in some cases, a reduction in marine consumption through stable isotope analysis. We postulate that farmers acquired the knowledge and skills they needed to succeed from local hunter-gatherer-fishers but without substantial admixture.

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      https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
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    Authors: Leventis, Georgios; Argyriou, Athanasios; Cerra, Daniele; Hadjimitsis, Diofantos;

    The Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa (EMMENA) regions are rich in Cultural Heritage (CH) sites that have been subject to various threats, including conflicts, natural disasters, and urban development. Effective risk assessment and monitoring are essential to preserve and protect these assets. Towards that direction novel technologies and their integration can be valuable for a holistic framework of managing diverse datasets and providing a robust safeguarding of CH assets. A data cube is a multidimensional representation of data that allows for efficient and flexible analysis, designed to support online analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining. Data cubes can be regarded as a three-dimensional structure, with each cell representing a unique combination of values from the different dimensions. By creating a data cube that includes several satellite and geospatial data sources, organizations can gain a more holistic understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with CH sites as well as to identify patterns and trends that might not be apparent in individual data sets. Within this context, it becomes apparent that data cubes allow for a multidimensional view of the risk landscape and can be used to create data-driven predictive models forecasting risks and opportunities for CH assets, in order for them to be preserved and protected for future generations. The risk assessment and monitoring framework used in this study can be easily transferred, in order to monitor CH sites in any sensitive region and can be adapted to include data from other sources and monitor different types of threats, including climate change related, environmental, and social risks.

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    Authors: Marinos Eliades; Silas Michaelides; Evagoras Evagorou; Kyriaki Fotiou; +14 Authors

    Earth observation (EO) techniques have significantly evolved over time, covering a wide range of applications in different domains. The scope of this study is to review the research conducted on EO in the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa (EMMENA) region and to identify the main knowledge gaps. We searched through the Web of Science database for papers published between 2018 and 2022 for EO studies in the EMMENA. We categorized the papers in the following thematic areas: atmosphere, water, agriculture, land, disaster risk reduction (DRR), cultural heritage, energy, marine safety and security (MSS), and big Earth data (BED); 6647 papers were found with the highest number of publications in the thematic areas of BED (27%) and land (22%). Most of the EMMENA countries are surrounded by sea, yet there was a very small number of studies on MSS (0.9% of total number of papers). This study detected a gap in fundamental research in the BED thematic area. Other future needs identified by this study are the limited availability of very high-resolution and near-real-time remote sensing data, the lack of harmonized methodologies and the need for further development of models, algorithms, early warning systems, and services.

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    Remote Sensing
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      Remote Sensing
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      Ktisis
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    Authors: Pichon, Fiona; Ibáñez Estevez, Juan José; Anderson, Patricia C.; Tsuneki, Akira;

    Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq is the only Neolithic site in Northeastern Iran, characterised by aceramic and ceramic levels corresponding to an occupation of 1500 years from the eighth to the end of the sixth millennium BCE. The Western and Eastern Mounds represent the oldest and longest occupation among the sites identified East of the Zagros, providing a unique context to explore the origin and spread of farming outside the core area of the Eastern Fertile Crescent. We present data about the first harvesting activities in the Northeastern Iranian Central Plateau by applying usewear and microtexture analysis through confocal microscopy on sickle gloss blades. Our results indicate a community of pioneer farmers who settled down in the area carrying with them both domestic cereals as well as advanced techniques of cereal cultivation. We demonstrate that most of the tools were used for harvesting cereals in a fully ripened state collected near the ground, indicating a well-established cereal cultivation strategy. The use of straight shafts with parallel inserts in Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq, as known in some sites in the Zagros, suggests the dispersal of farming practices and technologies from the Eastern Fertile Crescent north-eastward across Iran. We observe an evolution in the degree of ripeness of harvested cereals along the first four levels of occupation of the Western Mound, where semi-ripe harvesting is relatively important, suggesting that domestic cereals to be harvested before full maturity were introduced into the village. From the topmost of the Western Mound and along the occupation of the Eastern Mound, ripe harvesting is dominant, showing a well-established cultivation strategy of fully mature cereal. This shift could indicate an in-situ evolution towards a better-established agricultural technology, including harvesting riper crops, that would have resulted in higher yields, as cereals were collected when the grain was fully formed. The use-wear analysis was conducted under the supervision of Prof. A. Tsunaki at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba in the framework of the post-doctoral project “From Tools to People: Early Neolithic Farming Societies in Southwest Asia (8th-6th mill. cal BC”, funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship – Standard 2019 to FP) and a financial support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5133-CNRS, internal funding to FP). The confocal analysis was carried out at the Milá y Fontanals Institute (CSIC) in Barcelona (Spain) in the framework of the EU-funded ObsTrade project (H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, 101032910 to FP). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Claudia Chang; Sergei S. Ivanov; Robert N. Spengler; Basira Mir-Makhamad; +1 Authors

    In this paper, we use preliminary archaeological data spanning the Iron Age through Medieval periods (ca. 800 BCE to 1200 CE) in the Juuku Valley in Kyrgyzstan on the south side of Lake Issyk-Kul to model land use across vertical mountain zones. We have (1) established a radiometric chronology; (2) conducted test excavations of an Iron Age settlement at 2100 m asl and a Turkic period burial at 1934 m asl; (3) undertaken preliminary archaeobotanical research; and (4) performed pedestrian surveys. Archaeobotanical remains of wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), broomcorn millet (Panicum milaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and legumes were recovered in very small quantities from both sites. We compare these preliminary archaeobotanical results with previously published data from Talgar Iron Age settlements on the north side of the Tian Shan Mountain range in Kazakhstan. A small assemblage of faunal remains found at the Turkic period kurgan and from a profile at the upland Iron Age settlement demonstrates the practice of herding sheep/goats, cattle, and horses in the Juuku Valley. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that pastoral transhumance and agropastoralism were interchangeable economic strategies used by peoples in the Iron Age through Medieval periods in mountain-river valleys between 600 m to 2100 m asl. These economic strategies combined the pasturing of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses with the cultivation of cereals in a system that was adapted to different vegetational zones along a vertical gradient. This paper is based on preliminary research using survey data and test excavations and initiates a long-term research study of four millennia of settlements that appear to have ranged from pastoral transhumance and combined mountain agriculture. 1. Introduction 1.1. Theoretical Perspectives 1.2. Our Model 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Areas 2.1.1. The Talgar Alluvial Fan 2.1.2. The Juuku Valley 2.2. Chronological Framework for the Juuku Valley 2.3. Test Excavations and Kurgan Excavations 2.3.1. Lower Juuku Kurgan 1 2.3.2. Block Excavations at Eastern Juuku Settlement 1 2.3.3. Profiles 4 and 6 2.4. Radiometric Dating 2.5. Archaeobotanical Sampling 3. Results 3.1. The Radiometric Sequence for Juuku Valley 3.1.1. Kurgan Excavation 3.1.2. Excavations at EJS1 3.1.3. Archaeobotanical Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusions

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    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Garcia-Molsosa, A; Orengo, HA; Petrie, CA;

    AbstractAlluvial floodplains were one of the major venues of the development and long-term transformation of urban agrarian-based societies. The historical relationship between human societies and riverine environments created a rich archaeological record, but it is one that is not always easy to access due to the dynamism of alluvial floodplains and the geomorphological processes driven their hydrological regimes. Alluvial floodplains are also targeted for urban and agricultural expansion, which both have the potential to pose threats to cultural heritage and the environment if not carefully managed. Analysis that combines Historical Cartography and Remote Sensing sources to identify potential archaeological sites and river palaeochannels is an important first step towards the reconstruction of settlement patterns in different historical periods and their relationship to the history of hydrological networks. We are able to use different computational methods to great effect, including algorithms to enhance the visualization of different features of the landscape; and for processing large quantity of data using Machine-Learning based methods. Here we integrate those methods for the first time in a single study case: a section of the Indus River basin. Using a combined approach, it has been possible to map the historical hydrological network in a detail never achieved before and identify hundreds of potential archaeological sites previously unknown. Discussing these datasets together, we address the interpretation of the archaeological record, and highlight how Remote Sensing approaches can inform future research, heritage documentation, management, and preservation. The paper concludes with a targeted analysis of our datasets in the light of previous field-based research in order to provide preliminary insights on how long-term processes might have re-worked historical landscapes and their potential implications for the study of settlement patterns in different Historical periods in this region, thereby highlighting the potential for such integrated approaches.

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    Apollo
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    Apollo
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    Heritage Science
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    Authors: Maria Antónia Pires de Almeida; Carlos Manuel Faísca; Dulce Freire;

    Desde el siglo XVII, el regadío se apunta como una solución para asentar población en el Alentejo debido al aumento de la producción agrícola y la consecuente reforma agraria. Sin embargo, solo desde mediados del siglo XX se produjo un crecimiento de las zonas de regadío. Después de más de seis décadas, este trabajo estudia el impacto de la construcción de la presa de Maranhão, Avis, Alentejo cruzando los objetivos fijados con la respectiva evolución demográfica, económica y social. Del análisis de distintas series estadísticas se concluye que la mayoría de los objetivos no se alcanzaron. Avis es hoy un territorio despoblado, con bajos índices de desarrollo y una estructura agraria latifundista. Además, se ha producido una expansión de los monocultivos intensivos, poniendo en peligro la sostenibilidad medioambiental regional. Esta reflexión basada en el análisis histórico es fundamental en un momento en que se anuncia la construcción de nuevas presas. Since the 17th century, irrigation has been seen as a solution for reverse depopulation in the Alentejo due to the increase in agricultural production and the consequent land reform. However, only from the mid-20th century onwards there was a growth of irrigated areas. After more than six decades, this article studies the impact of the construction of the Maranhão dam, Avis, Alentejo crossing the proposed objectives with the respective demographic, economic and social developments. From the analysis of different statistical series, it is concluded that most of the objectives were not achieved. Avis is today a depopulated territory, with low development rates and a latifundium property structure. Additionally, there has been a rapid expansion of intensive monocultures, endangering the environmental sustainability of the region. This reflection based on historical analysis is fundamental at a time when the construction of new dams is being announced. Este trabalho foi financiado pela FCT no âmbito do projeto estratégico UIDB/00460/2020 e executado no âmbito do projeto individual DryMed – Exploring dryland: agrarian systems and crop varieties in Mediterranean Iberia (2022.08206.CEECIND) e ReSEED project (grant agreement n° 760090). This study was conducted at Research Center in Political Science (UID/CPO/0758/2020), University of Minho and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science through national funds. The research for this paper was done within the scope of ReSEED project that is financed by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n° 760090) having Dulce Freire as principal investigator.

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    Mundo Agrario
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      Mundo Agrario
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    Authors: Barrientos, Francisco; Egusquiza, Aitziber; de Luca, Claudia; Tondelli, Simona; +6 Authors

    Rural areas in Europe represent outstanding examples of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CNH) that could be used as a valuable asset for social and economic development. This article describes the process for developing a monitoring platform based on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and implemented in six rural areas around Europe. The goal of this monitoring system is to provide evidence of the role of CNH in rural areas as a driver for sustainable growth. Several data collection procedures are described, including regular, non-regular, and co-monitoring. To combine the selected cross-thematic and multi-scale KPIs, weights have been assigned to indicators, according to the knowledge provided by domain experts and using group decision-making techniques. A detailed description of the dashboards developed for the monitoring platform, and all the information gathered is included. Several dashboards have been designed focusing on KPI values and their evolution.

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    Authors: Maria Lodovica Gullino;

    Women first began to take a stance in science over 50 years ago, and since then, they have produced a great number of publications. However, the first step towards science was a matter of accrediting women as rightful members of the scientific community. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women started to enter into graduate programmes, and such a step helped them to make a difference. In many cases and many countries, botanists and mycologists were, in some way, pioneering in the plant pathology discipline. This manuscript considers some of the women who led the way in plant pathology, with a special focus on those who also dealt with the early aspects of plant disease management. Women who were active in different geographical areas are featured, and an attempt has also been made to provide some less well-known stories. Moreover, the importance of women behind the scenes, as is the case for many lab and field technicians, whose lives have not been chronicled, is acknowledged. Finally, some suggestions are given on how to improve the present situation and increase the number of women in science as well as in technical positions, with special emphasis on the positive effect of female mentors and role models.

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    Frontiers in Agronomy
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      Frontiers in Agronomy
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    Authors: Bartalesi, Valentina; Coro, Gianpaolo; Lenzi, Emanuele; Pagano, Pasquale; +1 Authors

    Digital maps greatly support storytelling about territories, especially when enriched with data describing cultural, societal, and ecological aspects, conveying emotional messages that describe the territory as a whole. Story maps are interactive online digital narratives that can describe a territory beyond its map by enriching the map with text, pictures, videos, and other multimedia information. This paper presents a semi-automatic workflow to produce story maps from textual documents containing territory data. An expert first assembles one territory-contextual document containing text and images. Then, automatic processes use natural language processing and Wikidata services to (i) extract key concepts (entities) and geospatial coordinates associated with the territory, (ii) assemble a logically-ordered sequence of enriched story-map events, and (iii) openly publish online story maps and an interoperable Linked Open Data semantic knowledge base for event exploration and inter-story correlation analyses. Our workflow uses an Open Science-oriented methodology to publish all processes and data. Through our workflow, we produced story maps for the value chains and territories of 23 rural European areas of 16 countries. Through numerical evaluation, we demonstrated that territory experts considered the story maps effective in describing their territories, and appropriate for communicating with citizens and stakeholders.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODO; Internationa...arrow_drop_down
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