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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Imran Sheikh; Emmanuel Vincent; Irina Illina;

    International audience; Training domain-specific automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems requires a suitable amount of data comprising the target domain. In several scenarios, such as early development stages, privacy-critical applications, or under-resourced languages, only a limited amount of in-domain speech data and an even smaller amount of manual text transcriptions, if any, are available. This motivates the study of ASR language model (LM) training on a limited amount of in-domain speech data. Early works have attempted training of n-gram LMs from ASR N-best lists and lattices but training and adaptation of recurrent neural network (RNN) LMs from ASR transcripts has not received attention. In this work, we study training and adaptation of RNN LMs using alternate, uncertain ASR hypotheses embedded in ASR confusion networks obtained from target domain speech data. We explore different methods for training the RNN LMs to deal with the uncertain input sequences. The first method extends the cross-entropy objective into a Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence based training loss, the second method formulates a training loss based on a hidden Markov model (HMM), and the third method performs training on paths sampled from the confusion networks. These methods are applied to limited data setups including telephone and meeting conversation datasets. Performance is evaluated under two settings wherein no manual transcriptions or a small amount of manual transcriptions are available to aid the training. Moreover, a model adaptation setting is also evaluated wherein the RNN LM is pre-trained on an out-of-domain conversational corpus. Overall the sampling method for training RNN LMs on ASR confusion networks performs the best, and results in up to 12% relative reduction in perplexity on the meeting dataset as compared to training on ASR 1-best hypotheses, without any manual transcriptions. However, the perplexity reductions do not translate into equivalent WER reductions. A detailed analysis of the perplexity reductions obtained by the different methods is performed in order to understand this effect.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2021
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Computer Speech & Language
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anand Ballou; Xavier Alameda-Pineda; Chris Reinke;

    With the increasing presence of robots in our every-day environments, improving their social skills is of utmost importance. Nonetheless, social robotics still faces many challenges. One bottleneck is that robotic behaviors need to be often adapted as social norms depend strongly on the environment. For example, a robot should navigate more carefully around patients in a hospital compared to workers in an office. In this work, we investigate meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) as a potential solution. Here, robot behaviors are learned via reinforcement learning where a reward function needs to be chosen so that the robot learns an appropriate behavior for a given environment. We propose to use a variational meta-RL procedure that quickly adapts the robots' behavior to new reward functions. As a result, given a new environment different reward functions can be quickly evaluated and an appropriate one selected. The procedure learns a vectorized representation for reward functions and a meta-policy that can be conditioned on such a representation. Given observations from a new reward function, the procedure identifies its representation and conditions the meta-policy to it. While investigating the procedures' capabilities, we realized that it suffers from posterior collapse where only a subset of the dimensions in the representation encode useful information resulting in a reduced performance. Our second contribution, a radial basis function (RBF) layer, partially mitigates this negative effect. The RBF layer lifts the representation to a higher dimensional space, which is more easily exploitable for the meta-policy. We demonstrate the interest of the RBF layer and the usage of meta-RL for social robotics on four robotic simulation tasks. 16 pages, 15 figures

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied Intelligence
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Other literature type . 2022
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2022
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Intelligence
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer Nature TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Other literature type . 2022
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2022
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Naëgel, Antoine; Viallon, Magalie; Karkouri, Jabrane; Troalen, Thomas; +3 Authors

    International audience; Exploring spatial distribution of intra- and extramyocellular lipids linked to the orientation of muscle fibers is complex. We used a magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) technique with a spiral encoding of k-t space and diffusion imaging tractography at 3T to reveal possible concomitant factors. The IMCL preponderance index, exploiting the spectroscopic dimension and proposed in this study, highlights interesting and relevant patterns in some calf muscle heads.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.58530/2022/...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.58530/2022/...
      Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Naëgel, Antoine; Karkouri, Jabrane; Ratiney, Helene; Kennouche, Djahid; +6 Authors

    Dynamic 31P MRS was performed during a standardized exercise of the lower leg, in patients with chronic fatigue enrolled in 2 clinical studies: multiple sclerosis patients and COVID19 patients that were hospitalized in intensive care unit and requiring respiratory assistance. In this work, we also revisit certain assumptions on the metabolite T1 and question shortcuts often made to shorten 31P protocol for a better patient’s compliance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.58530/2022/...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.58530/2022/...
      Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sauty, Benoît; Durrleman​, Stanley;

    Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disease that disproportionately affects women and people with the APOE-ε4 susceptibility gene. We aim to describe the not-well-understood influence of both risk factors on the dynamics of brain atrophy in AD and healthy aging. Regional cortical thinning and brain atrophy were modeled over time using non-linear mixed-effect models and the FreeSurfer software with t1-MRI scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (N= 1,502 subjects, 6,728 images in total). Covariance analysis was used to disentangle the effect of sex and APOE genotype on the regional onset age and pace of atrophy, while correcting for educational level. A map of the regions mostly affected by neurodegeneration is provided. Results were confirmed on gray matter density data from the SPM software. Women experience faster atrophic rates in the temporal, frontal, parietal lobes and limbic system and earlier onset in the amygdalas, but slightly later onset in the postcentral and cingulate gyri as well as all regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus. APOE-ε4 genotypes leads to earlier and faster atrophy in the temporal, frontal, parietal lobes, and limbic system in AD patients, but not in healthy patients. Higher education was found to slightly delay atrophy in healthy patients, but not for AD patients. A cohort of amyloid positive patients with MCI showed a similar impact of sex as in the healthy cohort, while APOE-ε4 showed similar associations as in the AD cohort. Female sex is as strong a risk factor for AD as APOE−ε4 genotype regarding neurodegeneration. Women experience a sharper atrophy in the later stages of the disease, although not a significantly earlier onset. These findings may have important implications for the development of targeted intervention.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Neurolo...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Neurology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Elbouanani, Houssam; Barakat, Chadi; Dabbous, Walid; Turletti, Thierry;

    International audience; Distributed network emulators allow users to perform network evaluation by running large-scale virtual networks over a cluster of fewer machines. While they offer accessible testing environments for researchers to evaluate their contributions and for the community to reproduce its results, their use of limited physical network and compute resources can silently and negatively impact the emulation results. In this paper, we present a methodology that uses linear optimization to extract information about the physical infrastructure from emulation-level packet delay measurements, in order to pinpoint the root causes of emulation inaccuracy with minimal hypotheses. We evaluate the precision of our methodology using numerical simulations, then show how its implementation performs in a real network scenario.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2023
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1109/icin56...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: STM Policy #29
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samir Sadok; Simon Leglaive; Laurent Girin; Xavier Alameda-Pineda; +1 Authors

    Understanding and controlling latent representations in deep generative models is a challenging yet important problem for analyzing, transforming and generating various types of data. In speech processing, inspiring from the anatomical mechanisms of phonation, the source-filter model considers that speech signals are produced from a few independent and physically meaningful continuous latent factors, among which the fundamental frequency $f_0$ and the formants are of primary importance. In this work, we start from a variational autoencoder (VAE) trained in an unsupervised manner on a large dataset of unlabeled natural speech signals, and we show that the source-filter model of speech production naturally arises as orthogonal subspaces of the VAE latent space. Using only a few seconds of labeled speech signals generated with an artificial speech synthesizer, we propose a method to identify the latent subspaces encoding $f_0$ and the first three formant frequencies, we show that these subspaces are orthogonal, and based on this orthogonality, we develop a method to accurately and independently control the source-filter speech factors within the latent subspaces. Without requiring additional information such as text or human-labeled data, this results in a deep generative model of speech spectrograms that is conditioned on $f_0$ and the formant frequencies, and which is applied to the transformation speech signals. Finally, we also propose a robust $f_0$ estimation method that exploits the projection of a speech signal onto the learned latent subspace associated with $f_0$. 23 pages, 7 figures, companion website: https://samsad35.github.io/site-sfvae/

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2022
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite; Sygma
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Speech Communication
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Etienne Maheux; Igor Koval; Juliette Ortholand; Colin Birkenbihl; +6 Authors

    AbstractThe anticipation of progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is crucial for evaluations of secondary prevention measures thought to modify the disease trajectory. However, it is difficult to forecast the natural progression of AD, notably because several functions decline at different ages and different rates in different patients. We evaluate here AD Course Map, a statistical model predicting the progression of neuropsychological assessments and imaging biomarkers for a patient from current medical and radiological data at early disease stages. We tested the method on more than 96,000 cases, with a pool of more than 4,600 patients from four continents. We measured the accuracy of the method for selecting participants displaying a progression of clinical endpoints during a hypothetical trial. We show that enriching the population with the predicted progressors decreases the required sample size by 38% to 50%, depending on trial duration, outcome, and targeted disease stage, from asymptomatic individuals at risk of AD to subjects with early and mild AD. We show that the method introduces no biases regarding sex or geographic locations and is robust to missing data. It performs best at the earliest stages of disease and is therefore highly suitable for use in prevention trials.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Other literature type . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Claire André; Pierre Champetier; Stéphane Rehel; Elizabeth Kuhn; +10 Authors

    ObjectiveRapid eye movement (REM) sleep is markedly altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its reduction in older populations is associated with AD risk. However, little is known about the underlying brain mechanisms. Our objective was to investigate the relationships between REM sleep integrity and amyloid deposition, gray matter volume, and perfusion in aging.MethodsWe included 121 cognitively unimpaired older adults (76 women, mean age 68.96 ± 3.82 years), who underwent a polysomnography, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, early and late Florbetapir positron emission tomography scans to evaluate gray matter volume, perfusion, and amyloid deposition. We computed indices reflecting REM sleep macro‐ and microstructural integrity (ie, normalized electroencephalographic spectral power values). Voxel‐wise multiple regression analyses were conducted between REM sleep indices and neuroimaging data, controlling for age, sex, education, the apnea‐hypopnea index, and the apolipoprotein E ε4 status.ResultsLower perfusion in frontal, anterior and posterior cingulate, and precuneus areas was associated with decreased delta power and electroencephalographic slowing (slow/fast frequencies ratio), and increased alpha and beta power. To a lower extent, similar results were obtained between gray matter volume and delta, alpha, and beta power. In addition, lower REM sleep theta power was more marginally associated with greater diffuse amyloid deposition and lower gray matter volume in fronto‐temporal and parieto‐occipital areas.InterpretationThese results suggest that alterations of REM sleep microstructure are associated with greater neurodegeneration and neocortical amyloid deposition in older adults. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings, and determine whether older adults exhibiting REM sleep alterations are more at risk of cognitive decline and belonging to the Alzheimer's continuum. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:979–990

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    Annals of Neurology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Elbouanani, Houssam; Barakat, Chadi; Dabbous, Walid; Turletti, Thierry;

    International audience; Distributed Network emulators (e.g., Mininet Cluster Edition) have proven to be an attractive solution to perform extreme-scale network and systems evaluation on smaller-size testbeds and experiment platforms. They can provide contained, customisable, and scalable testing environments for researchers to evaluate their contributions and reproduce their results. The major drawback of this approach in network experimentation is the use of virtual components (hosts, network switches, etc.) that do not behave with perfect similarity to the physical components they emulate, mainly due to the concurrency in using the underlay network and computing resources. We thus present in this paper a methodology to monitor emulation fidelity by measuring the network delays of emulated packets, which relies on statistical metrics to evaluate their inaccuracy. We further dig into the possible sources of emulation inaccuracy and show how our system can detect them to avoid biased experiment results. We particularly show through a common experiment scenario how undetected network emulation errors can lead to biased results.

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    https://doi.org/10.1109/comsne...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Imran Sheikh; Emmanuel Vincent; Irina Illina;

    International audience; Training domain-specific automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems requires a suitable amount of data comprising the target domain. In several scenarios, such as early development stages, privacy-critical applications, or under-resourced languages, only a limited amount of in-domain speech data and an even smaller amount of manual text transcriptions, if any, are available. This motivates the study of ASR language model (LM) training on a limited amount of in-domain speech data. Early works have attempted training of n-gram LMs from ASR N-best lists and lattices but training and adaptation of recurrent neural network (RNN) LMs from ASR transcripts has not received attention. In this work, we study training and adaptation of RNN LMs using alternate, uncertain ASR hypotheses embedded in ASR confusion networks obtained from target domain speech data. We explore different methods for training the RNN LMs to deal with the uncertain input sequences. The first method extends the cross-entropy objective into a Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence based training loss, the second method formulates a training loss based on a hidden Markov model (HMM), and the third method performs training on paths sampled from the confusion networks. These methods are applied to limited data setups including telephone and meeting conversation datasets. Performance is evaluated under two settings wherein no manual transcriptions or a small amount of manual transcriptions are available to aid the training. Moreover, a model adaptation setting is also evaluated wherein the RNN LM is pre-trained on an out-of-domain conversational corpus. Overall the sampling method for training RNN LMs on ASR confusion networks performs the best, and results in up to 12% relative reduction in perplexity on the meeting dataset as compared to training on ASR 1-best hypotheses, without any manual transcriptions. However, the perplexity reductions do not translate into equivalent WER reductions. A detailed analysis of the perplexity reductions obtained by the different methods is performed in order to understand this effect.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Computer Speech & Language
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Anand Ballou; Xavier Alameda-Pineda; Chris Reinke;

    With the increasing presence of robots in our every-day environments, improving their social skills is of utmost importance. Nonetheless, social robotics still faces many challenges. One bottleneck is that robotic behaviors need to be often adapted as social norms depend strongly on the environment. For example, a robot should navigate more carefully around patients in a hospital compared to workers in an office. In this work, we investigate meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) as a potential solution. Here, robot behaviors are learned via reinforcement learning where a reward function needs to be chosen so that the robot learns an appropriate behavior for a given environment. We propose to use a variational meta-RL procedure that quickly adapts the robots' behavior to new reward functions. As a result, given a new environment different reward functions can be quickly evaluated and an appropriate one selected. The procedure learns a vectorized representation for reward functions and a meta-policy that can be conditioned on such a representation. Given observations from a new reward function, the procedure identifies its representation and conditions the meta-policy to it. While investigating the procedures' capabilities, we realized that it suffers from posterior collapse where only a subset of the dimensions in the representation encode useful information resulting in a reduced performance. Our second contribution, a radial basis function (RBF) layer, partially mitigates this negative effect. The RBF layer lifts the representation to a higher dimensional space, which is more easily exploitable for the meta-policy. We demonstrate the interest of the RBF layer and the usage of meta-RL for social robotics on four robotic simulation tasks. 16 pages, 15 figures

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    Applied Intelligence
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2022
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      Applied Intelligence
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Naëgel, Antoine; Viallon, Magalie; Karkouri, Jabrane; Troalen, Thomas; +3 Authors

    International audience; Exploring spatial distribution of intra- and extramyocellular lipids linked to the orientation of muscle fibers is complex. We used a magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) technique with a spiral encoding of k-t space and diffusion imaging tractography at 3T to reveal possible concomitant factors. The IMCL preponderance index, exploiting the spectroscopic dimension and proposed in this study, highlights interesting and relevant patterns in some calf muscle heads.

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    https://doi.org/10.58530/2022/...
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    Authors: Naëgel, Antoine; Karkouri, Jabrane; Ratiney, Helene; Kennouche, Djahid; +6 Authors

    Dynamic 31P MRS was performed during a standardized exercise of the lower leg, in patients with chronic fatigue enrolled in 2 clinical studies: multiple sclerosis patients and COVID19 patients that were hospitalized in intensive care unit and requiring respiratory assistance. In this work, we also revisit certain assumptions on the metabolite T1 and question shortcuts often made to shorten 31P protocol for a better patient’s compliance.

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    Authors: Sauty, Benoît; Durrleman​, Stanley;

    Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disease that disproportionately affects women and people with the APOE-ε4 susceptibility gene. We aim to describe the not-well-understood influence of both risk factors on the dynamics of brain atrophy in AD and healthy aging. Regional cortical thinning and brain atrophy were modeled over time using non-linear mixed-effect models and the FreeSurfer software with t1-MRI scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (N= 1,502 subjects, 6,728 images in total). Covariance analysis was used to disentangle the effect of sex and APOE genotype on the regional onset age and pace of atrophy, while correcting for educational level. A map of the regions mostly affected by neurodegeneration is provided. Results were confirmed on gray matter density data from the SPM software. Women experience faster atrophic rates in the temporal, frontal, parietal lobes and limbic system and earlier onset in the amygdalas, but slightly later onset in the postcentral and cingulate gyri as well as all regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus. APOE-ε4 genotypes leads to earlier and faster atrophy in the temporal, frontal, parietal lobes, and limbic system in AD patients, but not in healthy patients. Higher education was found to slightly delay atrophy in healthy patients, but not for AD patients. A cohort of amyloid positive patients with MCI showed a similar impact of sex as in the healthy cohort, while APOE-ε4 showed similar associations as in the AD cohort. Female sex is as strong a risk factor for AD as APOE−ε4 genotype regarding neurodegeneration. Women experience a sharper atrophy in the later stages of the disease, although not a significantly earlier onset. These findings may have important implications for the development of targeted intervention.

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    Frontiers in Neurology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Elbouanani, Houssam; Barakat, Chadi; Dabbous, Walid; Turletti, Thierry;

    International audience; Distributed network emulators allow users to perform network evaluation by running large-scale virtual networks over a cluster of fewer machines. While they offer accessible testing environments for researchers to evaluate their contributions and for the community to reproduce its results, their use of limited physical network and compute resources can silently and negatively impact the emulation results. In this paper, we present a methodology that uses linear optimization to extract information about the physical infrastructure from emulation-level packet delay measurements, in order to pinpoint the root causes of emulation inaccuracy with minimal hypotheses. We evaluate the precision of our methodology using numerical simulations, then show how its implementation performs in a real network scenario.

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    Other literature type . 2023
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1109/icin56...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Samir Sadok; Simon Leglaive; Laurent Girin; Xavier Alameda-Pineda; +1 Authors

    Understanding and controlling latent representations in deep generative models is a challenging yet important problem for analyzing, transforming and generating various types of data. In speech processing, inspiring from the anatomical mechanisms of phonation, the source-filter model considers that speech signals are produced from a few independent and physically meaningful continuous latent factors, among which the fundamental frequency $f_0$ and the formants are of primary importance. In this work, we start from a variational autoencoder (VAE) trained in an unsupervised manner on a large dataset of unlabeled natural speech signals, and we show that the source-filter model of speech production naturally arises as orthogonal subspaces of the VAE latent space. Using only a few seconds of labeled speech signals generated with an artificial speech synthesizer, we propose a method to identify the latent subspaces encoding $f_0$ and the first three formant frequencies, we show that these subspaces are orthogonal, and based on this orthogonality, we develop a method to accurately and independently control the source-filter speech factors within the latent subspaces. Without requiring additional information such as text or human-labeled data, this results in a deep generative model of speech spectrograms that is conditioned on $f_0$ and the formant frequencies, and which is applied to the transformation speech signals. Finally, we also propose a robust $f_0$ estimation method that exploits the projection of a speech signal onto the learned latent subspace associated with $f_0$. 23 pages, 7 figures, companion website: https://samsad35.github.io/site-sfvae/

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2022
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Speech Communication
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Etienne Maheux; Igor Koval; Juliette Ortholand; Colin Birkenbihl; +6 Authors

    AbstractThe anticipation of progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is crucial for evaluations of secondary prevention measures thought to modify the disease trajectory. However, it is difficult to forecast the natural progression of AD, notably because several functions decline at different ages and different rates in different patients. We evaluate here AD Course Map, a statistical model predicting the progression of neuropsychological assessments and imaging biomarkers for a patient from current medical and radiological data at early disease stages. We tested the method on more than 96,000 cases, with a pool of more than 4,600 patients from four continents. We measured the accuracy of the method for selecting participants displaying a progression of clinical endpoints during a hypothetical trial. We show that enriching the population with the predicted progressors decreases the required sample size by 38% to 50%, depending on trial duration, outcome, and targeted disease stage, from asymptomatic individuals at risk of AD to subjects with early and mild AD. We show that the method introduces no biases regarding sex or geographic locations and is robust to missing data. It performs best at the earliest stages of disease and is therefore highly suitable for use in prevention trials.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Fraunhofer-ePrints
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Communication...arrow_drop_down
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Fraunhofer-ePrints
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    Authors: Claire André; Pierre Champetier; Stéphane Rehel; Elizabeth Kuhn; +10 Authors

    ObjectiveRapid eye movement (REM) sleep is markedly altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its reduction in older populations is associated with AD risk. However, little is known about the underlying brain mechanisms. Our objective was to investigate the relationships between REM sleep integrity and amyloid deposition, gray matter volume, and perfusion in aging.MethodsWe included 121 cognitively unimpaired older adults (76 women, mean age 68.96 ± 3.82 years), who underwent a polysomnography, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, early and late Florbetapir positron emission tomography scans to evaluate gray matter volume, perfusion, and amyloid deposition. We computed indices reflecting REM sleep macro‐ and microstructural integrity (ie, normalized electroencephalographic spectral power values). Voxel‐wise multiple regression analyses were conducted between REM sleep indices and neuroimaging data, controlling for age, sex, education, the apnea‐hypopnea index, and the apolipoprotein E ε4 status.ResultsLower perfusion in frontal, anterior and posterior cingulate, and precuneus areas was associated with decreased delta power and electroencephalographic slowing (slow/fast frequencies ratio), and increased alpha and beta power. To a lower extent, similar results were obtained between gray matter volume and delta, alpha, and beta power. In addition, lower REM sleep theta power was more marginally associated with greater diffuse amyloid deposition and lower gray matter volume in fronto‐temporal and parieto‐occipital areas.InterpretationThese results suggest that alterations of REM sleep microstructure are associated with greater neurodegeneration and neocortical amyloid deposition in older adults. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings, and determine whether older adults exhibiting REM sleep alterations are more at risk of cognitive decline and belonging to the Alzheimer's continuum. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:979–990

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    Annals of Neurology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Elbouanani, Houssam; Barakat, Chadi; Dabbous, Walid; Turletti, Thierry;

    International audience; Distributed Network emulators (e.g., Mininet Cluster Edition) have proven to be an attractive solution to perform extreme-scale network and systems evaluation on smaller-size testbeds and experiment platforms. They can provide contained, customisable, and scalable testing environments for researchers to evaluate their contributions and reproduce their results. The major drawback of this approach in network experimentation is the use of virtual components (hosts, network switches, etc.) that do not behave with perfect similarity to the physical components they emulate, mainly due to the concurrency in using the underlay network and computing resources. We thus present in this paper a methodology to monitor emulation fidelity by measuring the network delays of emulated packets, which relies on statistical metrics to evaluate their inaccuracy. We further dig into the possible sources of emulation inaccuracy and show how our system can detect them to avoid biased experiment results. We particularly show through a common experiment scenario how undetected network emulation errors can lead to biased results.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1109/comsne...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1109/comsne...
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