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  • Authors: Ortar, Nathalie; Chapelon, Laurent; Depeau, Sandrine; Feildel, Benoît; +5 Authors

    International audience; Abstract To encourage a modal shift toward cycling during and after the 2020 lockdown the French national government introduced a €120 million budget set of financial incentives, the “coup de pouce vélo.” Meanwhile, inspired by tactical urbanism, city authorities created cycle lanes and tracks, called “coronapistes” (Covid cycle lanes), on a permanent or pop-up basis. This response to the pandemic was driven by a unique set of spatial, social, and political configurations. In this chapter, we analyze the way in which both experienced and novice cyclists made use of the temporary facilities that were introduced in the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic in four cities—Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, and Rennes—and contrast this with the case of Saint-Étienne, where the Covid cycle lanes were removed at the end of the spring 2020 lockdown. The chapter aims to observe the effects of public policies on cycling practices and the social representations associated with them, in particular on changes in use in contexts characterized by different relationships to cycling. To capture the ways in which the Covid cycle lanes have been received and used, we employed ride-along interviews, an in situ and qualitative mobile method.

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  • Authors: Rochette, Corinne;

    The patient experience is a variable that has been neglected or even ignored for a long time in the health field, even if it is an important resource for improving and adapting patient care. The patient empowerment initiated in the 1970s is the main manifestation of what can be described as a new paradigm: a more and more active patient, actor of health and his care and finally with a specific form of expertise. This evolution is founded on a process of legitimisation in order that the lived experience of illness can be transformed into an accepted and recognised expertise. The health crisis caused by the coronavirus 19 offers a particularly relevant field for studying this process of legitimation. Indeed, many patients infected with covid 19 report persistent and acute symptoms that are not explained at first and therefore not recognised by society and institutions. Based on the literature on legitimacy and by studying the action of the French association #ApresJ20 we identify the main stages of the process of recognition of Covid Long patient expertise.; L'expérience patient constitue une variable longtemps délaissée voire ignorée dans le champ sanitaire, pourtant elle est une ressource importante pour faire évoluer et adapter les prises en charge des patients. L'empowerment du patient initié dans les années 1970 est la principale manifestation de ce qui peut être qualifié de nouveau paradigme : un patient de plus en plus actif, acteur de la santé et de ses soins et finalement doté d'une forme particulière d'expertise. Cette évolution repose sur un processus de légitimation afin que l'expérience vécue de la maladie puisse se transformer en expertise reconnue et admise de tous. La crise sanitaire provoquée par le coronavirus 19 offre un terrain d'étude de ce processus de légitimation particulièrement pertinent. En effet, de nombreux patients infectés pas la covid 19 rapportent des symptômes persistants et aigus non expliqués dans les premiers temps et donc non reconnus par la société et les institutions. En nous appuyant sur les travaux portant sur la légitimité et en étudiant l'action de l'association française #ApresJ20 nous dégageons les grandes étapes du processus de reconnaissance de l'expertise patient Covid Long.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: María Belén Albornoz; Henry Chávez;

    International audience; The evolution of the collaborative economy depends on market-specific prerequisites, such as a consumer base with purchasing power, accessible Internet connectivity, digitised payment mechanisms and new regulatory frameworks. However, countries located in the Global South, such as Ecuador, face challenges in adapting to these requirements due to the presence of infrastructure deficiencies, shortcomings in the local financial ecosystem and regulatory gaps, which impede the maturation of digital industries. However, the unprecedented global economic upheaval stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the imposition of international lockdowns and social distancing mandates, has precipitated the unbridled proliferation of digital platforms and the gig economy. In this unregulated environment, platform workers face intricate labour rights dynamics, marked by income volatility, scarce benefits and an environment rife with precarity and exploitative conditions. This paper aims to answer how the gig economy was installed and developed in Ecuador before and during the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. More specifically, we will try to answer the question of what have been the main challenges and barriers faced by platform workers and platforms in adhering to Fairwork principles in an unregulated context. Based on more than seventy semi-structured interviews and ethnographic material collected between 2020 and 2021, we provide an overview of Ecuador's gig economy and an in-depth examination of the institutional, regulatory, and organisational landscape characterising this country in order to identify the main challenges and obstacles to establishing and enforcing fair work standards. This analysis helped us understand the difficulties in implementing Fairwork principles and come up with practical suggestions for policy and regulation improvements in Ecuador and similar situations.

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    Digital Geography and Society
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Article . 2024
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      Digital Geography and Society
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Manavgat, Gökçe; Audibert, Martine;

    International audience; The Covid-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the resilience of health systems. The aim of this study is twofold: i) to measure and compare the resilience of health system efficiency of OECD countries before and during Covid-19 and ii) to determine the healthcare efficiency drivers (e.g., socioeconomic) of health system performance. Using a dataset of 31 OECD countries for 2018 and 2020, we first estimate bias-adjusted efficiency scores, followed by a double bootstrap truncated regression procedure to study the drivers associated with health system efficiency. We find that the health system efficiency overall score decreased among OECD countries during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to before Covid-19. Estonia and Japan retained their full efficiency scoreduring Covid-19. We find a negative association between health system efficiency and unemployment rate, share of health expenditure in GDP, and share of population over 65. Conversely, high vaccination rates contribute positively to health system efficiency during the Covid-19 period.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmh...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmh...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Mahdi Ghaemi Asl; Muhammad Mahdi Rashidi; Hamid Raza Tavakkoli; Hichem Rezgui;

    International audience; This paper aims to assess the performance of Islamic portfolios vis-à-vis their conventional counterparts across two distinct periods: the pre-COVID-19 era and the COVID-19 era. Departing from prior studies, this study makes a novel contribution by employing an extensive array of 18 portfolio optimization techniques to construct optimal portfolios for conventional stock indices encompassing energy, utilities, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) dimensions, as well as their Islamic equivalents. Performance comparisons are made utilizing three risk-adjusted performance measures, namely the Sharpe ratio, the Omega ratio, and the Sortino ratio. Our findings reveal that Shariah portfolios outperform conventional portfolios across all performance measures and risk-aversion levels when the most effective optimization methods are employed, both during pre-crisis and crisis periods. Additionally, our analysis highlights certain methods, namely EWMA, GM, DCC, and SHC, which produce portfolios exhibiting superior performance relative to alternative methods, as assessed by risk-adjusted metrics. Furthermore, Islamic portfolios demonstrate higher average returns compared to their conventional counterparts. Notably, incorporating ESG-related stocks into energy and utilities assets significantly enhances average returns, underscoring the potential of ESG investments. Collectively, our findings have noteworthy implications for investors, as they emphasize the role of Islamic stocks as effective diversifiers, yielding favorable resource allocation opportunities during times of crisis as well as stability. However, investors should exercise caution in selecting the optimal portfolio optimization method, as substantial performance disparities exist among different approaches.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao The Quarterly Review...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao The Quarterly Review...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Matthieu Adam; David Sayagh; Thomas Buhler;

    Various pro-cycling policies emerged around the world with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. France experimented with a €50 bike repair subsidy. Our questionnaire survey (n = 7343) focuses on beneficiaries’ sociological profiles. Despite its success in quantitative terms, the repair subsidy benefited more regular cyclists—who cycle daily—and people who are confident cycling in urban areas. Women were more likely to benefit than men, and people in low-income households more than those in high-income households. Because these populations are usually underrepresented among cyclists in France, the scheme may appear to have reduced inequities in cycling. However, the scheme could have reached out more to the low-income population who were largely unaware of it. This selectivity is partly explained by awareness of the subsidy, which is lower among the younger and the less educated part of the population. Our survey shows that the scheme is selective primarily because of its design. It would have been necessary to accompany it with measures specifically designed for vulnerable groups. International audience

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Transport Policyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Transport Policy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Transport Policy
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  • Authors: Xing-Bongioanni, Jingyue; Plault, Marion; Triplet, Lisa;

    International audience; A partir d'une enquête par questionnaires menée entre 2021 et 2022 (n = 919) et complétées par 130 entretiens semi-directifs, cet article vise à étudier les conditions de travail dans les Établissements d'Hébergement pour Personnes Agées Dépendantes (EHPAD) pendant la première année de l’épidémie de Covid-19, ainsi que les facteurs ayant permis aux travailleurs de faire face à la crise sanitaire. L’analyse quantitative montrent que l’épidémie de Covid-19 a souvent constitué un facteur aggravant les conditions de travail en EHPAD, déjà difficiles physiquement et psychologiquement pour les cadres et les travailleurs en première ligne mais aussi pour ceux qui sont souvent « invisibilisés » dans la littérature (personnel administratif ou de seconde ligne notamment). Les professionnels ont surmonté cette situation inédite en adoptant de nombreuses pratiques de solidarité, mais celles-ci n’ont pas perduré sur le long terme, ce qui interroge la capacité des collectifs de travail à faire face à d’éventuelles nouvelles crises. De même, l’épidémie de Covid-19 a eu un léger impact positif - bien qu’éphémère - sur les rapports hiérarchiques. Toutefois, les travailleurs des EHPAD ont parfois dû faire face à des critiques venant d’une partie des familles des résidents qui ont engendré un sentiment de culpabilité chez certains professionnels.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Florent Laroche;

    Paris-Lyon is the busiest High-Speed Line in Europe and has been open to open access competition since 18 December 2021. The purpose of this article is to explore the first effects on the price and frequency of competition between the Italian company Trenitalia and the French incumbent SNCF. The analysis is based on a large database (n = 971) collected from September 2019 to July 2022. The main challenge is to isolate the COVID-19 pandemic effect from the competition. A similar route without competition (Paris-Bordeaux) was selected to control the effects. The method relies on a descriptive analysis with an original dynamic timetable approach in the discussion. The results highlight an increase of frequency by 5% and a decrease in price by 10%. The prices charged by the newcomer are lower than those of the incumbent (-30% to -40%) though without enough volume to change the global equilibrium. Although far from a big bang, the comparison with the control route suggests a positive effect on price that moderates the economic catch-up effect following the COVID-19 pandemic in an inflationary context. More specifically, SNCF appears relatively insensitive to competitive pressure from Trenitalia. It has not significantly changed its price since the new offer was introduced and has maintained its trains. Working Papers du LAET, n° 2022/03. ISSN : 2741-8103 International audience

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    Transport Policy
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Transport Policy
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Bihannic, Isabelle; Gley, Renaud; Gallo, Lucas; Badura, Apolline; +15 Authors

    COVID-19 outbreak led to a massive dissemination of protective polypropylene (PP) face masks in the environment, posing a new environmental risk amplified by mask photodegradation and fragmentation. Masks are made up of a several kilometres long-network of fibres with diameter from a few microns to around 20 µm. After photodegradation, these fibres disintegrate, producing water dispersible debris. Electrokinetics and particle stability observations support that photodegradation increases/decreases the charge/hydrophobicity of released colloidal fragments. This change in hydrophobicity is related to the production of UV-induced carbonyl and hydroxyl reactive groups detectable after a few days of exposure. Helical content, surface roughness and specific surface area of mask fibres are not significantly impacted by photodegradation. Fragmentation of fibres makes apparent, at the newly formed surfaces, otherwise-buried additives like TiO2 nanoparticles and various organic components. Mortality of gammarids is found to increase significantly over time when fed with 3 days-UV aged masks that carry biofilms grown in river, which is due to a decreased abundance of microphytes therein. In contrast, bacteria abundance and microbial community composition remain unchanged regardless of mask degradation. Overall, this work reports physicochemical properties of pristine and photodegraded masks, and ecosystemic functions and ecotoxicity of freshwater biofilms they can carry

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Hazardous...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Hazardous Materials
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Hazardous...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Hazardous Materials
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  • Authors: Meunier, Guy; Ponssard, Jean‐Pierre;

    International audience; The energy transition requires the deployment of risky research and development programs, most of which are partially financed by public funding. Recent recovery plans, associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic and the energy transition, increased the funding available to finance innovative low‐carbon projects and called for an economic evaluation of their allocation. This paper analyzes the potential benefit of using repayable advance: a lump‐sum payment to finance the project that is paid back in case of success. The relationship between the state and innovative firms is formalized in the principal‐agent framework. Investing in an innovative project requires an initial observable capital outlay. We introduce asymmetric information on the probability of success, which is known to the firm but not to the state agency. The outcome of the project, if successful, delivers a private benefit to the firm and an external social benefit to the state. In this context a repayable advance consists in rewarding failure. We prove that it is a superior strategy in the presence of pure adverse selection. We investigate under what conditions this result could be extended in the presence of moral hazard. Implications for green industrial policy are discussed.; La transition énergétique nécessite le déploiement de programmes de recherche et développement risqués, dont la plupart sont partiellement financés par des fonds publics. Les récents plans de relance, associés à la pandémie de COVID-19 et à la transition énergétique, ont augmenté les fonds disponibles pour financer des projets innovants à faible émission de carbone et ont appelé à une évaluation économique de leur allocation. Ce document analyse les avantages potentiels de l'utilisation d'une avance remboursable : un paiement forfaitaire pour financer le projet qui est remboursé en cas de succès. La relation entre l'État et les entreprises innovantes est formalisée dans le cadre principal-agent. L'investissement dans un projet innovant nécessite une mise de fonds initiale observable. Nous introduisons une information asymétrique sur la probabilité de succès, qui est connue de l'entreprise mais pas de l'agence d'État. Le résultat du projet, s'il est couronné de succès, apporte un bénéfice privé à l'entreprise et un bénéfice social externe à l'État. Dans ce contexte, une avance remboursable consiste à récompenser l'échec. Nous prouvons qu'il s'agit d'une stratégie supérieure en présence d'une sélection adverse pure. Nous étudions les conditions dans lesquelles ce résultat pourrait être étendu en présence d'aléa moral. Les implications pour la politique industrielle verte sont discutées.

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  • Authors: Ortar, Nathalie; Chapelon, Laurent; Depeau, Sandrine; Feildel, Benoît; +5 Authors

    International audience; Abstract To encourage a modal shift toward cycling during and after the 2020 lockdown the French national government introduced a €120 million budget set of financial incentives, the “coup de pouce vélo.” Meanwhile, inspired by tactical urbanism, city authorities created cycle lanes and tracks, called “coronapistes” (Covid cycle lanes), on a permanent or pop-up basis. This response to the pandemic was driven by a unique set of spatial, social, and political configurations. In this chapter, we analyze the way in which both experienced and novice cyclists made use of the temporary facilities that were introduced in the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic in four cities—Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, and Rennes—and contrast this with the case of Saint-Étienne, where the Covid cycle lanes were removed at the end of the spring 2020 lockdown. The chapter aims to observe the effects of public policies on cycling practices and the social representations associated with them, in particular on changes in use in contexts characterized by different relationships to cycling. To capture the ways in which the Covid cycle lanes have been received and used, we employed ride-along interviews, an in situ and qualitative mobile method.

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  • Authors: Rochette, Corinne;

    The patient experience is a variable that has been neglected or even ignored for a long time in the health field, even if it is an important resource for improving and adapting patient care. The patient empowerment initiated in the 1970s is the main manifestation of what can be described as a new paradigm: a more and more active patient, actor of health and his care and finally with a specific form of expertise. This evolution is founded on a process of legitimisation in order that the lived experience of illness can be transformed into an accepted and recognised expertise. The health crisis caused by the coronavirus 19 offers a particularly relevant field for studying this process of legitimation. Indeed, many patients infected with covid 19 report persistent and acute symptoms that are not explained at first and therefore not recognised by society and institutions. Based on the literature on legitimacy and by studying the action of the French association #ApresJ20 we identify the main stages of the process of recognition of Covid Long patient expertise.; L'expérience patient constitue une variable longtemps délaissée voire ignorée dans le champ sanitaire, pourtant elle est une ressource importante pour faire évoluer et adapter les prises en charge des patients. L'empowerment du patient initié dans les années 1970 est la principale manifestation de ce qui peut être qualifié de nouveau paradigme : un patient de plus en plus actif, acteur de la santé et de ses soins et finalement doté d'une forme particulière d'expertise. Cette évolution repose sur un processus de légitimation afin que l'expérience vécue de la maladie puisse se transformer en expertise reconnue et admise de tous. La crise sanitaire provoquée par le coronavirus 19 offre un terrain d'étude de ce processus de légitimation particulièrement pertinent. En effet, de nombreux patients infectés pas la covid 19 rapportent des symptômes persistants et aigus non expliqués dans les premiers temps et donc non reconnus par la société et les institutions. En nous appuyant sur les travaux portant sur la légitimité et en étudiant l'action de l'association française #ApresJ20 nous dégageons les grandes étapes du processus de reconnaissance de l'expertise patient Covid Long.

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    Authors: María Belén Albornoz; Henry Chávez;

    International audience; The evolution of the collaborative economy depends on market-specific prerequisites, such as a consumer base with purchasing power, accessible Internet connectivity, digitised payment mechanisms and new regulatory frameworks. However, countries located in the Global South, such as Ecuador, face challenges in adapting to these requirements due to the presence of infrastructure deficiencies, shortcomings in the local financial ecosystem and regulatory gaps, which impede the maturation of digital industries. However, the unprecedented global economic upheaval stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the imposition of international lockdowns and social distancing mandates, has precipitated the unbridled proliferation of digital platforms and the gig economy. In this unregulated environment, platform workers face intricate labour rights dynamics, marked by income volatility, scarce benefits and an environment rife with precarity and exploitative conditions. This paper aims to answer how the gig economy was installed and developed in Ecuador before and during the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. More specifically, we will try to answer the question of what have been the main challenges and barriers faced by platform workers and platforms in adhering to Fairwork principles in an unregulated context. Based on more than seventy semi-structured interviews and ethnographic material collected between 2020 and 2021, we provide an overview of Ecuador's gig economy and an in-depth examination of the institutional, regulatory, and organisational landscape characterising this country in order to identify the main challenges and obstacles to establishing and enforcing fair work standards. This analysis helped us understand the difficulties in implementing Fairwork principles and come up with practical suggestions for policy and regulation improvements in Ecuador and similar situations.

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    Digital Geography and Society
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      Digital Geography and Society
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    Authors: Manavgat, Gökçe; Audibert, Martine;

    International audience; The Covid-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the resilience of health systems. The aim of this study is twofold: i) to measure and compare the resilience of health system efficiency of OECD countries before and during Covid-19 and ii) to determine the healthcare efficiency drivers (e.g., socioeconomic) of health system performance. Using a dataset of 31 OECD countries for 2018 and 2020, we first estimate bias-adjusted efficiency scores, followed by a double bootstrap truncated regression procedure to study the drivers associated with health system efficiency. We find that the health system efficiency overall score decreased among OECD countries during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to before Covid-19. Estonia and Japan retained their full efficiency scoreduring Covid-19. We find a negative association between health system efficiency and unemployment rate, share of health expenditure in GDP, and share of population over 65. Conversely, high vaccination rates contribute positively to health system efficiency during the Covid-19 period.

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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmh...
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      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmh...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Mahdi Ghaemi Asl; Muhammad Mahdi Rashidi; Hamid Raza Tavakkoli; Hichem Rezgui;

    International audience; This paper aims to assess the performance of Islamic portfolios vis-à-vis their conventional counterparts across two distinct periods: the pre-COVID-19 era and the COVID-19 era. Departing from prior studies, this study makes a novel contribution by employing an extensive array of 18 portfolio optimization techniques to construct optimal portfolios for conventional stock indices encompassing energy, utilities, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) dimensions, as well as their Islamic equivalents. Performance comparisons are made utilizing three risk-adjusted performance measures, namely the Sharpe ratio, the Omega ratio, and the Sortino ratio. Our findings reveal that Shariah portfolios outperform conventional portfolios across all performance measures and risk-aversion levels when the most effective optimization methods are employed, both during pre-crisis and crisis periods. Additionally, our analysis highlights certain methods, namely EWMA, GM, DCC, and SHC, which produce portfolios exhibiting superior performance relative to alternative methods, as assessed by risk-adjusted metrics. Furthermore, Islamic portfolios demonstrate higher average returns compared to their conventional counterparts. Notably, incorporating ESG-related stocks into energy and utilities assets significantly enhances average returns, underscoring the potential of ESG investments. Collectively, our findings have noteworthy implications for investors, as they emphasize the role of Islamic stocks as effective diversifiers, yielding favorable resource allocation opportunities during times of crisis as well as stability. However, investors should exercise caution in selecting the optimal portfolio optimization method, as substantial performance disparities exist among different approaches.

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    The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
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    Authors: Matthieu Adam; David Sayagh; Thomas Buhler;

    Various pro-cycling policies emerged around the world with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. France experimented with a €50 bike repair subsidy. Our questionnaire survey (n = 7343) focuses on beneficiaries’ sociological profiles. Despite its success in quantitative terms, the repair subsidy benefited more regular cyclists—who cycle daily—and people who are confident cycling in urban areas. Women were more likely to benefit than men, and people in low-income households more than those in high-income households. Because these populations are usually underrepresented among cyclists in France, the scheme may appear to have reduced inequities in cycling. However, the scheme could have reached out more to the low-income population who were largely unaware of it. This selectivity is partly explained by awareness of the subsidy, which is lower among the younger and the less educated part of the population. Our survey shows that the scheme is selective primarily because of its design. It would have been necessary to accompany it with measures specifically designed for vulnerable groups. International audience

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    Transport Policy
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  • Authors: Xing-Bongioanni, Jingyue; Plault, Marion; Triplet, Lisa;

    International audience; A partir d'une enquête par questionnaires menée entre 2021 et 2022 (n = 919) et complétées par 130 entretiens semi-directifs, cet article vise à étudier les conditions de travail dans les Établissements d'Hébergement pour Personnes Agées Dépendantes (EHPAD) pendant la première année de l’épidémie de Covid-19, ainsi que les facteurs ayant permis aux travailleurs de faire face à la crise sanitaire. L’analyse quantitative montrent que l’épidémie de Covid-19 a souvent constitué un facteur aggravant les conditions de travail en EHPAD, déjà difficiles physiquement et psychologiquement pour les cadres et les travailleurs en première ligne mais aussi pour ceux qui sont souvent « invisibilisés » dans la littérature (personnel administratif ou de seconde ligne notamment). Les professionnels ont surmonté cette situation inédite en adoptant de nombreuses pratiques de solidarité, mais celles-ci n’ont pas perduré sur le long terme, ce qui interroge la capacité des collectifs de travail à faire face à d’éventuelles nouvelles crises. De même, l’épidémie de Covid-19 a eu un léger impact positif - bien qu’éphémère - sur les rapports hiérarchiques. Toutefois, les travailleurs des EHPAD ont parfois dû faire face à des critiques venant d’une partie des familles des résidents qui ont engendré un sentiment de culpabilité chez certains professionnels.

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    Authors: Florent Laroche;

    Paris-Lyon is the busiest High-Speed Line in Europe and has been open to open access competition since 18 December 2021. The purpose of this article is to explore the first effects on the price and frequency of competition between the Italian company Trenitalia and the French incumbent SNCF. The analysis is based on a large database (n = 971) collected from September 2019 to July 2022. The main challenge is to isolate the COVID-19 pandemic effect from the competition. A similar route without competition (Paris-Bordeaux) was selected to control the effects. The method relies on a descriptive analysis with an original dynamic timetable approach in the discussion. The results highlight an increase of frequency by 5% and a decrease in price by 10%. The prices charged by the newcomer are lower than those of the incumbent (-30% to -40%) though without enough volume to change the global equilibrium. Although far from a big bang, the comparison with the control route suggests a positive effect on price that moderates the economic catch-up effect following the COVID-19 pandemic in an inflationary context. More specifically, SNCF appears relatively insensitive to competitive pressure from Trenitalia. It has not significantly changed its price since the new offer was introduced and has maintained its trains. Working Papers du LAET, n° 2022/03. ISSN : 2741-8103 International audience

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    Transport Policy
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Bihannic, Isabelle; Gley, Renaud; Gallo, Lucas; Badura, Apolline; +15 Authors

    COVID-19 outbreak led to a massive dissemination of protective polypropylene (PP) face masks in the environment, posing a new environmental risk amplified by mask photodegradation and fragmentation. Masks are made up of a several kilometres long-network of fibres with diameter from a few microns to around 20 µm. After photodegradation, these fibres disintegrate, producing water dispersible debris. Electrokinetics and particle stability observations support that photodegradation increases/decreases the charge/hydrophobicity of released colloidal fragments. This change in hydrophobicity is related to the production of UV-induced carbonyl and hydroxyl reactive groups detectable after a few days of exposure. Helical content, surface roughness and specific surface area of mask fibres are not significantly impacted by photodegradation. Fragmentation of fibres makes apparent, at the newly formed surfaces, otherwise-buried additives like TiO2 nanoparticles and various organic components. Mortality of gammarids is found to increase significantly over time when fed with 3 days-UV aged masks that carry biofilms grown in river, which is due to a decreased abundance of microphytes therein. In contrast, bacteria abundance and microbial community composition remain unchanged regardless of mask degradation. Overall, this work reports physicochemical properties of pristine and photodegraded masks, and ecosystemic functions and ecotoxicity of freshwater biofilms they can carry

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Hazardous...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Hazardous Materials
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Hazardous...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Hazardous Materials
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • Authors: Meunier, Guy; Ponssard, Jean‐Pierre;

    International audience; The energy transition requires the deployment of risky research and development programs, most of which are partially financed by public funding. Recent recovery plans, associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic and the energy transition, increased the funding available to finance innovative low‐carbon projects and called for an economic evaluation of their allocation. This paper analyzes the potential benefit of using repayable advance: a lump‐sum payment to finance the project that is paid back in case of success. The relationship between the state and innovative firms is formalized in the principal‐agent framework. Investing in an innovative project requires an initial observable capital outlay. We introduce asymmetric information on the probability of success, which is known to the firm but not to the state agency. The outcome of the project, if successful, delivers a private benefit to the firm and an external social benefit to the state. In this context a repayable advance consists in rewarding failure. We prove that it is a superior strategy in the presence of pure adverse selection. We investigate under what conditions this result could be extended in the presence of moral hazard. Implications for green industrial policy are discussed.; La transition énergétique nécessite le déploiement de programmes de recherche et développement risqués, dont la plupart sont partiellement financés par des fonds publics. Les récents plans de relance, associés à la pandémie de COVID-19 et à la transition énergétique, ont augmenté les fonds disponibles pour financer des projets innovants à faible émission de carbone et ont appelé à une évaluation économique de leur allocation. Ce document analyse les avantages potentiels de l'utilisation d'une avance remboursable : un paiement forfaitaire pour financer le projet qui est remboursé en cas de succès. La relation entre l'État et les entreprises innovantes est formalisée dans le cadre principal-agent. L'investissement dans un projet innovant nécessite une mise de fonds initiale observable. Nous introduisons une information asymétrique sur la probabilité de succès, qui est connue de l'entreprise mais pas de l'agence d'État. Le résultat du projet, s'il est couronné de succès, apporte un bénéfice privé à l'entreprise et un bénéfice social externe à l'État. Dans ce contexte, une avance remboursable consiste à récompenser l'échec. Nous prouvons qu'il s'agit d'une stratégie supérieure en présence d'une sélection adverse pure. Nous étudions les conditions dans lesquelles ce résultat pourrait être étendu en présence d'aléa moral. Les implications pour la politique industrielle verte sont discutées.

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