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  • Authors: Brelaud, Simon; Daccache, Jimmy; Ruani, Flavia;

    International audience; This paper aims to refine our present understanding of the use of cursive and monumental scripts in Syriac by approaching a hitherto uncharted territory for palaeography, namely epigraphy. Our reflections derive from our collective ongoing projects "E-Twoto-Digital Paleography of Syriac Inscriptions" and "Recueil des Inscriptions Syriaques de Turquie". The selected corpus consists of inscriptions and graffiti from the provinces of Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, and Mardin, dated between the fifth and the thirteenth centuries. The examples are analysed according to the shape of the letters and other palaeographic elements such as the layout of the inscriptions, including the setup of the lines of writing and line-justification. They are then compared to earlier evidence, namely Edessan inscriptions (first-third centuries CE) as well as administrative documents, in order to retrace the evolution of the cursive writing over time and space. Attention will be paid to media (mosaics and stone) and an analysis of two particular letters, ʾolaf and he, will be presented as case studies. Finally, this chapter addresses the scripts used in paratextual elements and graffiti to offer a comprehensive overview of Syriac cursive and monumental scripts.

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    Authors: Enrique Wulff;

    International audience; The National Library of Spain (NLS, Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) for the target audience of digital humanities (DH), within the last two decades, has taken up major challenges to be into line with other main national libraries (France, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, and the Library of Congress). The chapter presents NLS's success in the emerging digital scholarship and BNElab Digital Humanities (DH) projects and digital editions (e.g., the Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II Codices or Quixote), demonstrating the most necessary steps of libraries to take in the digital age, especially when DH is forming the mainstream and obtaining momentum. The importance of the NLS and its patrimony is in line with its commendatory policy of collaborating with a wide variety of DH projects, and with that of making its digital patrimony freely available. Through a case study of the opening up of cultural heritage data for the arts and humanities (A&H), NLS is challenged from its Semantic Web vision to find the expertise required by the key issues of contemporary digital humanities.; La Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE) para el público objetivo de las humanidades digitales (HD), en las últimas dos décadas ha asumido grandes retos para estar a la altura de otras grandes bibliotecas nacionales (Francia, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, Alemania y la Biblioteca del Congreso). El capítulo presenta el éxito de la BNE en los proyectos de cultura digital, BNElab y ediciones digitales (por ejemplo, los Códices Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I y II o el Quijote), presentando los pasos necesarios que las bibliotecas deben tomar en la era digital, especialmente cuando las HD están convirtiéndose en la corriente principal y ganando impulso. La importancia de la BNE y su patrimonio está en línea con su política de colaborar con una amplia variedad de proyectos de HD, y con la de hacer que su patrimonio digital esté disponible gratuitamente. A través de un estudio de caso de la apertura de los datos del patrimonio cultural para las artes y las humanidades (A&H), la BNE se enfrenta al desafío de su visión de la Web Semántica para encontrar la experiencia requerida por los temas clave de las humanidades digitales contemporáneas.; La Bibliothèque nationale d'Espagne (Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) pour le public cible des humanités numériques (HN), au cours des deux dernières décennies, a relevé des défis majeurs pour s'aligner sur les autres grandes bibliothèques nationales (France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Bibliothèque du Congrès). Le chapitre présente le succès de la BNE dans les projets émergents de culture numérique et de BNElab et les éditions numériques (par exemple, les codex Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II ou le Quichotte), montrant les étapes les plus nécessaires pour les bibliothèques à suivre à l'ère numérique, en particulier lorsque les HN forment le courant dominant et prennent de l'ampleur. L'importance de la BNE et de son patrimoine s'inscrit dans sa politique de collaboration avec une grande variété de projets HN, et dans celle de mise à disposition gratuite de son patrimoine numérique. À travers une étude de cas sur l'ouverture des données du patrimoine culturel pour les arts et les humanités (A&H), la une analyse atentive de la BNE révèle sa vision du Web sémantique pour trouver l'expertise requise par les enjeux clés des humanités numériques contemporaines.

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    https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DIGITAL.CSIC
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023
    Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
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      https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      DIGITAL.CSIC
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2023
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  • Authors: Caravaca, Gwénaël;

    International audience; While the planet Mars is today a dry and cold wasteland dominated by aeolian processes, a large diversity of geomorphologies observed from orbit suggests that aqueous processes took place there. Most of these morphologies implies the presence of developed fluvial networks at the surface of the planet about 3.5 Ga ago. However, the precise conditions behind the formation of these valleys and the climate they evolved in are still being debated, as some of them could be linked to episodic events set in a cold climate. For more than a decade now, the rovers Curiosity and Perseverance helped to shed light on these questions thanks to a detailed in situ analysis of fluvial and lacustrine deposits.The Curiosity rover landed in August 2012 in Gale crater, and since then observed more than 500 meters of a sedimentary succession including lacustrine mudstones and fluvial sandstones and conglomerates. Locally, clay minerals have been observed to make as much as 30 % of the bulk composition, with a substantial degree of chemical alteration, highlighting the role of water in the rock formation processes. The succession, and locally alternation and interfingering of fluvial and lacustrine facies suggest rapid and marked evolutions of the depositional setting, in relation with changing environmental and climatic parameters. However, no (peri-)glacial facies has been found to date, even if glacial processes could have affected those terrains later in their history.In February 2021, the Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, which was chosen after the observation from orbit of both a large-scale fan-shaped edifice and the presence of clay and carbonate minerals. Remote observations of the fan and its remnants allowed to identify characteristic sigmoid structures of a deltaic architecture (bottomsets-foresets-topsets), confirming the presence of a perennial lake at the time of the deposition. Observations from both rovers illustrate that liquid water was not ephemeral at the surface of Mars. Nevertheless, the duration and extent of these processes are still yet to be exactly constrained. The detailed analysis of the delta by Perseverance and the returned samples on Earth (by a future mission early in the 2030’s) would hopefully allow to constrain these chronological questions, as well as to allow to look for potential biosignatures.

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    Authors: Jaroslav Brůžek; Ivan Mikšík; Anežka Pilmann Kotěrová; Marine Morvan; +6 Authors

    International audience; Being a part of the cultural heritage, skeletal human remains and grave objects are often the only evidence of people who lived many years, or even centuries or millennia, ago, and their preservation for future generations is thus of the utmost importance. The first task in analyzing skeletal remains is to build a biological profile of the individual, including in particular a sex estimation. Recently developed proteomic sex analysis, based on the detection of two sex-dependent forms of the amelogenin protein in tooth enamel, could offer a minimally-invasive and reliable approach applicable to both recent and past populations. The aims of the present study are: 1) to validate the proteomic sex estimation approach with a delicate, minimally-destructive protocol using protein etching in recent and sub-recent identified samples of adult individuals; 2) for the first time, to evaluate the invasiveness of the extraction of amelogenin protein from teeth for proteomic analysis via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT); 3) to apply the method to an archaeological sample of unknown adult and juvenile individuals. An assemblage of 60 teeth (32 males and 28 females) of recent and sub-recent origin was used to validate the approach. A sub-sample of 20 teeth (10 males and 10 females) was used to assess the invasiveness of the amelogenin extraction procedure. For the application of the method, samples of 15 adult and 32 juvenile teeth, both originating from medieval populations, were used. Proteomic sex estimation achieved 100% accuracy in this sample. An SEM and micro-CT comparison of the dental surfaces before and after chemical treatment showed an approximately 10% loss of enamel and only 2% loss of dentine. The suitability and minimally-invasive character of the protocol for proteomic analysis in biological sex estimation was demonstrated, as was its applicability to archaeological samples.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cultural ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cultural Heritage
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cultural ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cultural Heritage
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Riou, Brieuc; Chaumillon, Eric; Chagué, Catherine; Schmidt, Sabine; +3 Authors

    International audience; Although research dealing with the geological evidence of past tsunamis has increased significantly in the last two decades, studies of tsunami deposits emplaced during the backwash phases are still underrepresented. Here, we provide the first investigation of tsunami backwash deposits all around an island (Tutuila Island, American Samoa), in the southwest of the Pacific Ring of Fire. We decipher the sedimentary record preserved offshore an open bay (Fagafue) and within a sheltered bay (Masefau) on the north shore of Tutuila. Backwash deposits of three historic tsunamis, namely the 2009 South Pacific, 1960 Valdivia and 1917 Tonga Trench tsunamis, were identified in sediment cores, based on sedimentological, geochemical and chronological data. Deposits were characterized by a geochemical terrestrial signature (Ti/Ca and K), while the grain size characteristics differed, being finer offshore the open bay and coarser within the sheltered bay. The 2009 South Pacific and the 1960 Valdivia tsunamis are recorded on both the north (Masefau and off Fagafue bays) and south (Pago Pago Bay) shores of Tutuila, providing the first correlation of tsunami backwash deposits all around an island. Furthermore, the present study presents the first geological evidence of backwash associated with a large 15-16th century tsunami, which also affected many parts of the South Pacific, as well as that of an older event between the 11th and 14th century. Studies of tsunami backwash deposits provide means to extend the geological record of these high energy events, due to the generally good preservation potential of the deposits.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Sedimentary Geologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Sedimentary Geology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Sedimentary Geologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Sedimentary Geology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Neuraz, Antoine; Lerner, Ivan; Birot, Olivier; Arias, Camila; +5 Authors

    International audience; Several studies have shown that about 80% of the medical information in an electronic health record is only available through unstructured data. Resources such as medical terminologies in languages other than English are limited and restrain the NLP tools. We propose here to leverage English based resources in other languages using a combination of translation, word alignment, entity extraction and term normalization (TAXN). We implement this extraction pipeline in an opensource library called "medkit". We demonstrate the interest of this approach through a specific use-case: enriching a phenotypic dictionary for post-acute sequelae in COVID-19 (PASC). TAXN proved to be efficient to propose new synonyms of UMLS terms using a corpus of 70 articles in French with 356 terms enriched with at least one validated new synonym. This study was based on freely available deeplearning models.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.3...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.3233/shti23...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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      https://doi.org/10.3233/shti23...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tim Druitt; Steffen Kutterolf; Thomas A. Ronge; Christian Hübscher; +33 Authors

    AbstractLarge explosive volcanic eruptions from island arcs pour pyroclastic currents into marine basins, impacting ecosystems and generating tsunamis that threaten coastal communities and infrastructures. Risk assessments require robust records of such highly hazardous events, which is challenging as most of the products lie buried under the sea. Here we report the discovery by IODP Expedition 398 of a giant rhyolitic pumice deposit emplaced 520 ± 10 ky ago at water depths of 200 to 1000 m during a high-intensity, shallow submarine eruption of ancestral Santorini Volcano. Pyroclastic currents discharged into the sea transformed into turbidity currents and slurries, forming a >89 ± 8 km3 volcaniclastic megaturbidite up to 150 m thick in the surrounding marine basins, while breaching of the sea surface by the eruption column laid down veneers of ignimbrite on three islands. The eruption is one of the largest recorded on the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, and highlights the hazards from submarine explosive eruptions.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: PRÉVOST, Camielsa; SURYANARAYAN, Akshyeta; PAILLER, Yvan; NICOLAS, Clément; +6 Authors

    International audience; The subsistence strategies of early farming communities have been highlighted since the beginning of the Neolithic, thanks to numerous studies on lipid residues from ceramic vessels conducted in various parts of continental Europe. However, after the Early Neolithic, evidence of subsistence strategies along the northern Atlantic coast are still lacking, especially for island contexts. This paper presents the results of lipid residue analysis of 129 potsherds from Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), an island site dating primarily to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2700-2600 to 1800 BCE). Aiming to understand the use of vessels, vessel treatment and culinary practices on the settlement, analyses of visible charred residues, sherds and ceramic surfaces/coating layers were carried out using chromatographic (n = 174) and isotopic techniques (n = 24) after lipid extraction by solvent (n = 174) or acid methanolysis (n = 31). The results demonstrate the extensive use of terrestrial products (ruminant carcass and dairy) in pottery, including occasional plant products (with possible mixtures of different waxes), while the detection of aquatic products is limited. Thus, combined with evidence from faunal remains at the site, the results indicate that terrestrial resources like ruminant meat and dairy products were preferentially processed in vessels, and aquatic products mostly without the use of ceramics. These findings demonstrate the significance of lipid residue analysis for studying the role of pottery in food production and consumption at sites along the Atlantic coast.; Les stratégies de subsistance des premières communautés agricoles ont été mises en évidence depuis le début du Néolithique grâce à de nombreuses études sur les résidus lipidiques des récipients en céramique menées dans diverses parties de l’Europe continentale. En revanche, très peu de données sont disponibles pour la fin du Néolithique et le début de l’âge du Bronze sur la côte atlantique, en particulier en contexte insulaire. Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse de résidus lipidiques provenant de 129 fragments de poteries de Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), un site insulaire dont les principaux vestiges datent de l’âge du Bronze ancien (c. 2700-2600 à 1800 BCE). Dans le but de comprendre l’utilisation des récipients, les pratiques culinaires sur ce site et d’appréhender les tech-niques de finition des céramiques, des analyses de résidus visibles carbonisés, de tessons, et de surfaces/couches d’engobe ont été effectuées via des analyses chromatographiques (n = 174) et isotopiques (n = 24), après extraction des lipides par solvant (n = 174) ou méthanolyse acide (n = 31). Les résultats démontrent l’utilisation extensive de produits terrestres (carcasses de ruminants et produits laitiers), comprenant occasionnellement des produits végétaux (avec un mélange probable de différentes cires), alors que la détection des produits aquatiques est faible. Comparés aux données fauniques, ces résultats indiquent donc que les produits terrestres, tels que la viande de ruminant et les produits laitiers, sont transformés en utilisant des récipients en céramiques, tandis que les produits aquatiques semblent de préférence exploités sans avoir recours à une poterie. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance de l’analyse des résidus lipidiques pour connaître le rôle des récipients en céramique dans la production et la consommation d’aliments sur les sites de la côte atlantique.

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    Authors: Martini, Carla; Bernardi, Elena; Velino, Cecilia; Lorenzetti, Luca; +6 Authors

    AbstractThe development of innovative solutions for the conservation and the protection of historic aircraft is a recent and important issue raised in the cultural heritage field and represents the goal of the PROCRAFT (Protection and Conservation of Heritage Aircraft) project. Assessing and documenting the constituent materials as well as their degradation state is necessary to determine and understand factors inducing aluminium alloy corrosion, in order to develop tailored conservation treatments and identify effective protective coatings. The first step of the project was the identification of the constituent materials of aircraft wrecks. Al-Cu-Mg alloys—Duralumin and Super Duralumin, with a higher content of Mg—were the most employed alloys for structural and non-structural parts. These materials undergo a wide range of alterations, amongst which pitting, exfoliation and galvanic corrosion.In the present work, results of the characterisation of wrecks from a North American Republic P-47D Thunderbolt, crashed in Italy in 1945, are reported and compared to wrecks from a French Breguet 765 Sahara n°504 64-PH, built in 1958. The constituent alloys resulted to be similar to the modern 2024 and 2017A alloy.In order to assess the representativeness of these modern alloys in simulating the corrosion behaviour of the historic ones, exfoliation susceptibility (ASTM G34) as well as non-destructive and destructive electrochemical tests in 0.1 M NaCl were carried out on both historic and modern alloys. These results contributed to the selection of representative substrates for the development of protective coatings as well as to the expansion of the dataset on composition and microstructure of historic Al alloys for aircraft.

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    Heritage Science
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2024
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      Heritage Science
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  • Authors: Laghi, Roberto;

    International audience; From human to binary and back: how can we translate the digital machine? Everything that happens in the digital environment is about writing and translation: it can be from one human language to another but it is even more from computer languages to human ones and back, in a translation loop that goes both directions. Hence, everything digital is a form of mediation through different languages. These processes of translation between code and human language are done automatically, but this is true for more and more translations between human languages, as machine translation services are growing and perfecting. Since most of the times we do not know how these systems work, we need to develop tools to translate the machine. How can we use creativity to translate it for a better human understanding and use? How can we improve the relationship between us and the computing machines? To help tackle the emerging tensions in these relationships, especially with so-called "AI", we should first find a better way to define these technologies: from the "stochastic parrots" to new proposals to replace the deceiving terminology of "AI", critical efforts by scholars in this sense have been manifold. We should then look inside these machines, inside their code: if we know how they work we, as researchers and/or translators, will be able to intervene on a deeper level to coordinate and correct machine output. And that is pivotal if we are to embed these technologies in our everyday life, as it is already happening. We will then go through different examples of how we can open "AI" black boxes and engage with them in a creative and critical form.

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  • Authors: Brelaud, Simon; Daccache, Jimmy; Ruani, Flavia;

    International audience; This paper aims to refine our present understanding of the use of cursive and monumental scripts in Syriac by approaching a hitherto uncharted territory for palaeography, namely epigraphy. Our reflections derive from our collective ongoing projects "E-Twoto-Digital Paleography of Syriac Inscriptions" and "Recueil des Inscriptions Syriaques de Turquie". The selected corpus consists of inscriptions and graffiti from the provinces of Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, and Mardin, dated between the fifth and the thirteenth centuries. The examples are analysed according to the shape of the letters and other palaeographic elements such as the layout of the inscriptions, including the setup of the lines of writing and line-justification. They are then compared to earlier evidence, namely Edessan inscriptions (first-third centuries CE) as well as administrative documents, in order to retrace the evolution of the cursive writing over time and space. Attention will be paid to media (mosaics and stone) and an analysis of two particular letters, ʾolaf and he, will be presented as case studies. Finally, this chapter addresses the scripts used in paratextual elements and graffiti to offer a comprehensive overview of Syriac cursive and monumental scripts.

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    Authors: Enrique Wulff;

    International audience; The National Library of Spain (NLS, Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) for the target audience of digital humanities (DH), within the last two decades, has taken up major challenges to be into line with other main national libraries (France, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, and the Library of Congress). The chapter presents NLS's success in the emerging digital scholarship and BNElab Digital Humanities (DH) projects and digital editions (e.g., the Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II Codices or Quixote), demonstrating the most necessary steps of libraries to take in the digital age, especially when DH is forming the mainstream and obtaining momentum. The importance of the NLS and its patrimony is in line with its commendatory policy of collaborating with a wide variety of DH projects, and with that of making its digital patrimony freely available. Through a case study of the opening up of cultural heritage data for the arts and humanities (A&H), NLS is challenged from its Semantic Web vision to find the expertise required by the key issues of contemporary digital humanities.; La Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE) para el público objetivo de las humanidades digitales (HD), en las últimas dos décadas ha asumido grandes retos para estar a la altura de otras grandes bibliotecas nacionales (Francia, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, Alemania y la Biblioteca del Congreso). El capítulo presenta el éxito de la BNE en los proyectos de cultura digital, BNElab y ediciones digitales (por ejemplo, los Códices Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I y II o el Quijote), presentando los pasos necesarios que las bibliotecas deben tomar en la era digital, especialmente cuando las HD están convirtiéndose en la corriente principal y ganando impulso. La importancia de la BNE y su patrimonio está en línea con su política de colaborar con una amplia variedad de proyectos de HD, y con la de hacer que su patrimonio digital esté disponible gratuitamente. A través de un estudio de caso de la apertura de los datos del patrimonio cultural para las artes y las humanidades (A&H), la BNE se enfrenta al desafío de su visión de la Web Semántica para encontrar la experiencia requerida por los temas clave de las humanidades digitales contemporáneas.; La Bibliothèque nationale d'Espagne (Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) pour le public cible des humanités numériques (HN), au cours des deux dernières décennies, a relevé des défis majeurs pour s'aligner sur les autres grandes bibliothèques nationales (France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Bibliothèque du Congrès). Le chapitre présente le succès de la BNE dans les projets émergents de culture numérique et de BNElab et les éditions numériques (par exemple, les codex Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II ou le Quichotte), montrant les étapes les plus nécessaires pour les bibliothèques à suivre à l'ère numérique, en particulier lorsque les HN forment le courant dominant et prennent de l'ampleur. L'importance de la BNE et de son patrimoine s'inscrit dans sa politique de collaboration avec une grande variété de projets HN, et dans celle de mise à disposition gratuite de son patrimoine numérique. À travers une étude de cas sur l'ouverture des données du patrimoine culturel pour les arts et les humanités (A&H), la une analyse atentive de la BNE révèle sa vision du Web sémantique pour trouver l'expertise requise par les enjeux clés des humanités numériques contemporaines.

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    https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    DIGITAL.CSIC
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Caravaca, Gwénaël;

    International audience; While the planet Mars is today a dry and cold wasteland dominated by aeolian processes, a large diversity of geomorphologies observed from orbit suggests that aqueous processes took place there. Most of these morphologies implies the presence of developed fluvial networks at the surface of the planet about 3.5 Ga ago. However, the precise conditions behind the formation of these valleys and the climate they evolved in are still being debated, as some of them could be linked to episodic events set in a cold climate. For more than a decade now, the rovers Curiosity and Perseverance helped to shed light on these questions thanks to a detailed in situ analysis of fluvial and lacustrine deposits.The Curiosity rover landed in August 2012 in Gale crater, and since then observed more than 500 meters of a sedimentary succession including lacustrine mudstones and fluvial sandstones and conglomerates. Locally, clay minerals have been observed to make as much as 30 % of the bulk composition, with a substantial degree of chemical alteration, highlighting the role of water in the rock formation processes. The succession, and locally alternation and interfingering of fluvial and lacustrine facies suggest rapid and marked evolutions of the depositional setting, in relation with changing environmental and climatic parameters. However, no (peri-)glacial facies has been found to date, even if glacial processes could have affected those terrains later in their history.In February 2021, the Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, which was chosen after the observation from orbit of both a large-scale fan-shaped edifice and the presence of clay and carbonate minerals. Remote observations of the fan and its remnants allowed to identify characteristic sigmoid structures of a deltaic architecture (bottomsets-foresets-topsets), confirming the presence of a perennial lake at the time of the deposition. Observations from both rovers illustrate that liquid water was not ephemeral at the surface of Mars. Nevertheless, the duration and extent of these processes are still yet to be exactly constrained. The detailed analysis of the delta by Perseverance and the returned samples on Earth (by a future mission early in the 2030’s) would hopefully allow to constrain these chronological questions, as well as to allow to look for potential biosignatures.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jaroslav Brůžek; Ivan Mikšík; Anežka Pilmann Kotěrová; Marine Morvan; +6 Authors

    International audience; Being a part of the cultural heritage, skeletal human remains and grave objects are often the only evidence of people who lived many years, or even centuries or millennia, ago, and their preservation for future generations is thus of the utmost importance. The first task in analyzing skeletal remains is to build a biological profile of the individual, including in particular a sex estimation. Recently developed proteomic sex analysis, based on the detection of two sex-dependent forms of the amelogenin protein in tooth enamel, could offer a minimally-invasive and reliable approach applicable to both recent and past populations. The aims of the present study are: 1) to validate the proteomic sex estimation approach with a delicate, minimally-destructive protocol using protein etching in recent and sub-recent identified samples of adult individuals; 2) for the first time, to evaluate the invasiveness of the extraction of amelogenin protein from teeth for proteomic analysis via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT); 3) to apply the method to an archaeological sample of unknown adult and juvenile individuals. An assemblage of 60 teeth (32 males and 28 females) of recent and sub-recent origin was used to validate the approach. A sub-sample of 20 teeth (10 males and 10 females) was used to assess the invasiveness of the amelogenin extraction procedure. For the application of the method, samples of 15 adult and 32 juvenile teeth, both originating from medieval populations, were used. Proteomic sex estimation achieved 100% accuracy in this sample. An SEM and micro-CT comparison of the dental surfaces before and after chemical treatment showed an approximately 10% loss of enamel and only 2% loss of dentine. The suitability and minimally-invasive character of the protocol for proteomic analysis in biological sex estimation was demonstrated, as was its applicability to archaeological samples.

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    Journal of Cultural Heritage
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Cultural Heritage
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Riou, Brieuc; Chaumillon, Eric; Chagué, Catherine; Schmidt, Sabine; +3 Authors

    International audience; Although research dealing with the geological evidence of past tsunamis has increased significantly in the last two decades, studies of tsunami deposits emplaced during the backwash phases are still underrepresented. Here, we provide the first investigation of tsunami backwash deposits all around an island (Tutuila Island, American Samoa), in the southwest of the Pacific Ring of Fire. We decipher the sedimentary record preserved offshore an open bay (Fagafue) and within a sheltered bay (Masefau) on the north shore of Tutuila. Backwash deposits of three historic tsunamis, namely the 2009 South Pacific, 1960 Valdivia and 1917 Tonga Trench tsunamis, were identified in sediment cores, based on sedimentological, geochemical and chronological data. Deposits were characterized by a geochemical terrestrial signature (Ti/Ca and K), while the grain size characteristics differed, being finer offshore the open bay and coarser within the sheltered bay. The 2009 South Pacific and the 1960 Valdivia tsunamis are recorded on both the north (Masefau and off Fagafue bays) and south (Pago Pago Bay) shores of Tutuila, providing the first correlation of tsunami backwash deposits all around an island. Furthermore, the present study presents the first geological evidence of backwash associated with a large 15-16th century tsunami, which also affected many parts of the South Pacific, as well as that of an older event between the 11th and 14th century. Studies of tsunami backwash deposits provide means to extend the geological record of these high energy events, due to the generally good preservation potential of the deposits.

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    Sedimentary Geology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sedimentary Geology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Neuraz, Antoine; Lerner, Ivan; Birot, Olivier; Arias, Camila; +5 Authors

    International audience; Several studies have shown that about 80% of the medical information in an electronic health record is only available through unstructured data. Resources such as medical terminologies in languages other than English are limited and restrain the NLP tools. We propose here to leverage English based resources in other languages using a combination of translation, word alignment, entity extraction and term normalization (TAXN). We implement this extraction pipeline in an opensource library called "medkit". We demonstrate the interest of this approach through a specific use-case: enriching a phenotypic dictionary for post-acute sequelae in COVID-19 (PASC). TAXN proved to be efficient to propose new synonyms of UMLS terms using a corpus of 70 articles in French with 356 terms enriched with at least one validated new synonym. This study was based on freely available deeplearning models.

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    https://doi.org/10.3233/shti23...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.3233/shti23...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tim Druitt; Steffen Kutterolf; Thomas A. Ronge; Christian Hübscher; +33 Authors

    AbstractLarge explosive volcanic eruptions from island arcs pour pyroclastic currents into marine basins, impacting ecosystems and generating tsunamis that threaten coastal communities and infrastructures. Risk assessments require robust records of such highly hazardous events, which is challenging as most of the products lie buried under the sea. Here we report the discovery by IODP Expedition 398 of a giant rhyolitic pumice deposit emplaced 520 ± 10 ky ago at water depths of 200 to 1000 m during a high-intensity, shallow submarine eruption of ancestral Santorini Volcano. Pyroclastic currents discharged into the sea transformed into turbidity currents and slurries, forming a >89 ± 8 km3 volcaniclastic megaturbidite up to 150 m thick in the surrounding marine basins, while breaching of the sea surface by the eruption column laid down veneers of ignimbrite on three islands. The eruption is one of the largest recorded on the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, and highlights the hazards from submarine explosive eruptions.

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    Article . 2024
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    Authors: PRÉVOST, Camielsa; SURYANARAYAN, Akshyeta; PAILLER, Yvan; NICOLAS, Clément; +6 Authors

    International audience; The subsistence strategies of early farming communities have been highlighted since the beginning of the Neolithic, thanks to numerous studies on lipid residues from ceramic vessels conducted in various parts of continental Europe. However, after the Early Neolithic, evidence of subsistence strategies along the northern Atlantic coast are still lacking, especially for island contexts. This paper presents the results of lipid residue analysis of 129 potsherds from Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), an island site dating primarily to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2700-2600 to 1800 BCE). Aiming to understand the use of vessels, vessel treatment and culinary practices on the settlement, analyses of visible charred residues, sherds and ceramic surfaces/coating layers were carried out using chromatographic (n = 174) and isotopic techniques (n = 24) after lipid extraction by solvent (n = 174) or acid methanolysis (n = 31). The results demonstrate the extensive use of terrestrial products (ruminant carcass and dairy) in pottery, including occasional plant products (with possible mixtures of different waxes), while the detection of aquatic products is limited. Thus, combined with evidence from faunal remains at the site, the results indicate that terrestrial resources like ruminant meat and dairy products were preferentially processed in vessels, and aquatic products mostly without the use of ceramics. These findings demonstrate the significance of lipid residue analysis for studying the role of pottery in food production and consumption at sites along the Atlantic coast.; Les stratégies de subsistance des premières communautés agricoles ont été mises en évidence depuis le début du Néolithique grâce à de nombreuses études sur les résidus lipidiques des récipients en céramique menées dans diverses parties de l’Europe continentale. En revanche, très peu de données sont disponibles pour la fin du Néolithique et le début de l’âge du Bronze sur la côte atlantique, en particulier en contexte insulaire. Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse de résidus lipidiques provenant de 129 fragments de poteries de Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), un site insulaire dont les principaux vestiges datent de l’âge du Bronze ancien (c. 2700-2600 à 1800 BCE). Dans le but de comprendre l’utilisation des récipients, les pratiques culinaires sur ce site et d’appréhender les tech-niques de finition des céramiques, des analyses de résidus visibles carbonisés, de tessons, et de surfaces/couches d’engobe ont été effectuées via des analyses chromatographiques (n = 174) et isotopiques (n = 24), après extraction des lipides par solvant (n = 174) ou méthanolyse acide (n = 31). Les résultats démontrent l’utilisation extensive de produits terrestres (carcasses de ruminants et produits laitiers), comprenant occasionnellement des produits végétaux (avec un mélange probable de différentes cires), alors que la détection des produits aquatiques est faible. Comparés aux données fauniques, ces résultats indiquent donc que les produits terrestres, tels que la viande de ruminant et les produits laitiers, sont transformés en utilisant des récipients en céramiques, tandis que les produits aquatiques semblent de préférence exploités sans avoir recours à une poterie. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance de l’analyse des résidus lipidiques pour connaître le rôle des récipients en céramique dans la production et la consommation d’aliments sur les sites de la côte atlantique.

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    Authors: Martini, Carla; Bernardi, Elena; Velino, Cecilia; Lorenzetti, Luca; +6 Authors

    AbstractThe development of innovative solutions for the conservation and the protection of historic aircraft is a recent and important issue raised in the cultural heritage field and represents the goal of the PROCRAFT (Protection and Conservation of Heritage Aircraft) project. Assessing and documenting the constituent materials as well as their degradation state is necessary to determine and understand factors inducing aluminium alloy corrosion, in order to develop tailored conservation treatments and identify effective protective coatings. The first step of the project was the identification of the constituent materials of aircraft wrecks. Al-Cu-Mg alloys—Duralumin and Super Duralumin, with a higher content of Mg—were the most employed alloys for structural and non-structural parts. These materials undergo a wide range of alterations, amongst which pitting, exfoliation and galvanic corrosion.In the present work, results of the characterisation of wrecks from a North American Republic P-47D Thunderbolt, crashed in Italy in 1945, are reported and compared to wrecks from a French Breguet 765 Sahara n°504 64-PH, built in 1958. The constituent alloys resulted to be similar to the modern 2024 and 2017A alloy.In order to assess the representativeness of these modern alloys in simulating the corrosion behaviour of the historic ones, exfoliation susceptibility (ASTM G34) as well as non-destructive and destructive electrochemical tests in 0.1 M NaCl were carried out on both historic and modern alloys. These results contributed to the selection of representative substrates for the development of protective coatings as well as to the expansion of the dataset on composition and microstructure of historic Al alloys for aircraft.

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    Heritage Science
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Heritage Science
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • Authors: Laghi, Roberto;

    International audience; From human to binary and back: how can we translate the digital machine? Everything that happens in the digital environment is about writing and translation: it can be from one human language to another but it is even more from computer languages to human ones and back, in a translation loop that goes both directions. Hence, everything digital is a form of mediation through different languages. These processes of translation between code and human language are done automatically, but this is true for more and more translations between human languages, as machine translation services are growing and perfecting. Since most of the times we do not know how these systems work, we need to develop tools to translate the machine. How can we use creativity to translate it for a better human understanding and use? How can we improve the relationship between us and the computing machines? To help tackle the emerging tensions in these relationships, especially with so-called "AI", we should first find a better way to define these technologies: from the "stochastic parrots" to new proposals to replace the deceiving terminology of "AI", critical efforts by scholars in this sense have been manifold. We should then look inside these machines, inside their code: if we know how they work we, as researchers and/or translators, will be able to intervene on a deeper level to coordinate and correct machine output. And that is pivotal if we are to embed these technologies in our everyday life, as it is already happening. We will then go through different examples of how we can open "AI" black boxes and engage with them in a creative and critical form.

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