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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marc-André Gutscher; Stéphane Dominguez; Bernard Mercier de Lépinay; Luis M. Pinheiro; +7 Authors

    Subduction of a narrow slab of oceanic lithosphere beneath a tightly curved orogenic arc requires the presence of at least one lithospheric scale tear fault. While the Calabrian subduction beneath southern Italy is considered to be the type example of this geodynamic setting, the geometry, kinematics and surface expression of the associated lateral, slab tear fault offshore eastern Sicily remain controversial. Results from a new marine geophysical survey conducted in the Ionian Sea, using high-resolution bathymetry and seismic profiling reveal active faulting at the seafloor within a 140 km long, two-branched fault system near Alfeo Seamount. The previously unidentified 60 km long NW trending North Alfeo Fault system shows primarily strike-slip kinematics as indicated by the morphology and steep-dipping transpressional and transtensional faults. Available earthquake focal mechanisms indicate dextral strike-slip motion along this fault segment. The 80 km long SSE trending South Alfeo fault system is expressed by one or two steeply dipping normal faults, bounding the western side of a 500+ m thick, 5 km wide, elongate, syntectonic Plio-Quaternary sedimentary basin. Both branches of the fault system are mechanically capable of generating magnitude 6–7 earthquakes like those that struck eastern Sicily in 1169, 1542, and 1693. peer-reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS - Università de...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2016
    Data sources: CNR ExploRA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OAR@UM
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OAR@UM
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Tectonics
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Tectonics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS - Università de...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2016
      Data sources: CNR ExploRA
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OAR@UM
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: OAR@UM
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Tectonics
      Article
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Tectonics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Frelat, Romain; Orio, Alessandro; Casini, Michele; Lehmann, Andreas; +4 Authors

    BONUS Symposium on Science Delivery for Sustainable Use of the Baltic Sea Living Resources, Tallinn, ESTONIA, OCT, 2017; International audience; Fisheries and marine ecosystem-based management requires a holistic understanding of the dynamics of fish communities and their responses to changes in environmental conditions. Environmental conditions can simultaneously shape the spatial distribution and the temporal dynamics of a population, which together can trigger changes in the functional structure of communities. Here, we developed a comprehensive framework based on complementary multivariate statistical methodologies to simultaneously investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the spatial, temporal and functional dynamics of species assemblages. The framework is tested using survey data collected during more than 4000 fisheries hauls over the Baltic Sea between 2001 and 2016. The approach revealed the Baltic fish community to be structured into three sub-assemblages along a strong and temporally stable salinity gradient decreasing from West to the East. Additionally, we highlight a mismatch between species and functional richness associated with a lower functional redundancy in the Baltic Proper compared with other sub-areas, suggesting an ecosystem more susceptible to external pressures. Based on a large dataset of community data analysed in an innovative and comprehensive way, we could disentangle the effects of environmental changes on the structure of biotic communities—key information for the management and conservation of ecosystems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ICES Journal of Mari...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ICES Journal of Marine Science
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ICES Journal of Mari...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OceanRep
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: OceanRep
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ICES Journal of Marine Science
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Achim Randelhoff; Achim Randelhoff; Johnna Holding; Johnna Holding; +8 Authors

    Arctic Ocean primary productivity is limited by light and inorganic nutrients. With sea ice cover declining in recent decades, nitrate limitation has been speculated to become more prominent. Although much has been learned about nitrate supply from general patterns of ocean circulation and water column stability, a quantitative analysis requires dedicated turbulence measurements that have only started to accumulate in the last dozen years. Here we present new observations of the turbulent vertical nitrate flux in the Laptev Sea, Baffin Bay, and Young Sound (North-East Greenland), supplementing a compilation of 13 published estimates throughout the Arctic Ocean. Combining all flux estimates with a Pan-Arctic database of in situ measurements of nitrate concentration and density, we found the annual nitrate inventory to be largely determined by the strength of stratification and by bathymetry. Nitrate fluxes explained the observed regional patterns and magnitudes of both new primary production and particle export on annual scales. We argue that with few regional exceptions, vertical turbulent nitrate fluxes can be a reliable proxy of Arctic primary production accessible through autonomous and large-scale measurements. They may also provide a framework to assess nutrient limitation scenarios based on clear energetic and mass budget constraints resulting from turbulent mixing and freshwater flows.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OceanRep; Frontiers ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Marine Science
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OceanRep; Frontiers ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Marine Science
      Article
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Moore, C.; Mills, M.; Arrigo, K.; Berman-Frank, I.; +19 Authors

    Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary production in marine waters. The availability of nutrients in the upper ocean frequently limits the activity and abundance of these organisms. Experimental data have revealed two broad regimes of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the modern upper ocean. Nitrogen availability tends to limit productivity throughout much of the surface low-latitude ocean, where the supply of nutrients from the subsurface is relatively slow. In contrast, iron often limits productivity where subsurface nutrient supply is enhanced, including within the main oceanic upwelling regions of the Southern Ocean and the eastern equatorial Pacific. Phosphorus, vitamins and micronutrients other than iron may also (co-)limit marine phytoplankton. The spatial patterns and importance of co-limitation, however, remain unclear. Variability in the stoichiometries of nutrient supply and biological demand are key determinants of oceanic nutrient limitation. Deciphering the mechanisms that underpin this variability, and the consequences for marine microbes, will be a challenge. But such knowledge will be crucial for accurately predicting the consequences of ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to oceanic nutrient biogeochemistry. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oskar Bordeauxarrow_drop_down
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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2013
    Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Nature Geoscience
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Geoscience
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.7892/boris....
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2013
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      Nature Geoscience
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    Authors: Bellet, Thierry; Mayenobe, Pierre; Bornard, Jean-Charles; Gruyer, Dominique; +1 Authors

    This paper presents the first step of a research programme implemented by IFSTTAR in order to develop an integrative simulation platform able to support a Human Centred Design (HCD) method for virtual design of driving assistances. This virtual platform, named COSMO-SiVIC, implements a COgnitive Simulation MOdel of the DRIVEr (i.e. COSMODRIVE) into a Vehicle–Environment–Sensors platform (named SiVIC, for Simulateur Ve ́ hicule-Infrastructure-Capteur). From this simulation tool based on a computational driver model, the design costs of driving assistances is expected to reduce in the future, and the end-users needs during the design process are also better taken into account. This article is mainly focussed on the description of the driver model developed and implemented on the SiVIC virtual platform, which is only the first step towards a future Virtual HCD integrated tool. The first section will discuss the research context and objective, and the second one will present the theoretical background in cognitive sciences supporting our driver modelling approach. Then, the SiVIC tool is used in this research as a methodological and technical support for both empirical data collection among human drivers and as a virtual road environment to be interfaced with the COSMODRIVE model. In the result section, the functional architecture of COSMO-SIVIC (based on three complementary modules of Perception , Decision and Action ) will be described, and an example of virtual simulation of human driver’s errors due to visual distraction while driving will be presented. The perspectives concerning future use of COSMO-SIVIC for virtual HCD will be then discussed in the conclusion section.

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    Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
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  • Authors: Charlotte, Halpern; Carollo, Alessandra;

    This document, D4.2 Copenhagen report, is part of the second series of technical reports produced as part of WP4 during Task 3, “Qualitative analysis of transport policy development cycle processes in the five Stage 3 cities during the Shift from Stage 1 to Stage 3”. It seeks to develop a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the historical development of policies relating to traffic congestion and car use over the past four decades. It investigates the ways in which transport policies are designed and implemented in the five Stage 3 cities, how they have evolved over time, which policy mix has been favoured at different times, their intended/unexpected effects, and how coordination has been ensured. Published as part of D4.2 report ; When, why and how was Copenhagen able to (re-)invent itself successfully into “the bicycle city”? To whatextent are these developments replicable in other cities in CREATE and beyond? This report both highlights andaccounts for the process of gradual yet transformative change, which has characterized transport policy developments inCopenhagen and its metropolitan area over the past four decades. It provides some explanation as to why and how asustainable urban transport agenda emerged as a major political priority and flagship initiative. It also suggests that thesituation is not as clear-cut as suggested by political discourses: pro-car policies and car use have not been completelyabandoned in Copenhagen, and similarly, sustainable mobility policies are being strengthened beyond the city’s limits.In this perspective, the analytical framework developed as part of WP4, which combines the public policyapproach with the urban governance approach (see WP4 D4.1 report), proved particularly useful in order to examine theambiguous relationship between policy discourses on the one hand, and policy outcomes on the other hand. More thanin any other cases studied in WP4, the Copenhagen case confirms the need to examine policy implementation dynamicsin order to make sense of the choice and selection of policy instruments, including the role attributed from an early stageon to communication-based policy tools.

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    Authors: Ameli, Mostafa; Lebacque, Jean-Patrick; Leclercq, Ludovic;

    Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare network loadings related to different network equilibria by a simulation-based framework. The direct comparison of path flows or trajectory patterns is hard to achieve so here we propose a more aggregate approach based on the comparison of demand level breakpoints. A breakpoint is a demand threshold value that leads to significant changes in path flow loading. More specifically, we set in this paper a demand breakpoint when the list of effective route alternatives differs by at least one path. This is for example the case when one route is no longer considered for one equilibrium while being used by some vehicles in the second one. We are going to investigate both static and dynamic network loading while scanning all demand levels to identify the breakpoints. We focus on discrete demand formulation and choices and use a trip-based traffic simulator. This study analyzes the breakpoints for the solution of three popular equilibrium conditions: User equilibrium (UE), System optimum (SO) and Boundary Rational User Equilibrium (BRUE). First, we investigate breakpoints on a well-known network (Braess) in the static case in order to better define this concept. Second, breakpoints are investigated on a real network (Lyon, France) where dynamic travel times are provided by a microscopic traffic simulator. When the breakpoints are obtained for a given scenario, we focus on identifying demand ranges where some paths are not used in SO while being travelled in UE or BRUE. Following the concept of Braess paradox, this permits to design banning strategies at some key locations in the network to prevent some alternatives from being used and thus to improve the system performance. We show by simulation that such a strategy is effective, which demonstrates the importance of breakpoint identification.

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    Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
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    Authors: Georgios Grivas; Eleni Athanasopoulou; Anastasia Kakouri; Jennifer Bailey; +8 Authors

    lockdown period. A large reduction (53%) was observed also for the urban CO2 enhancement while the reduction for PM2.5 was subtler (18%). Significant reductions were also observed when comparing the 2020 lockdown period with past years. However, levels rebounded immediately following the lift of the general lockdown. The decrease in measured NO2 concentrations was reproduced by the implementation of the city scale model, under a realistic reduced&ndash emissions scenario for the lockdown period, anchored at a 46% decline of road transport activity. The model permitted the assessment of air quality improvements on a spatial scale, indicating that NO2 mean concentration reductions in areas of the Athens basin reached up to 50%. The findings suggest a potential for local traffic management strategies to reduce ambient exposure and to minimize exceedances of air quality standards for primary pollutants. week periods and with respective levels in the four previous years. We examined regulatory pollutants as well as CO2, black carbon (BC) and source&ndash world experiment, regarding the impacts of drastic emission cutbacks on urban air quality. In this study we assess the effects of a 7&ndash atmospheric chemistry model. Measurements in central Athens during the lockdown were compared with levels during the pre&ndash 10 May, 2020) lockdown in the Greater Area of Athens, coupling in situ observations with estimations from a meteorology&ndash related pollutants in Athens (NO2, CO, BC from fossil fuel combustion), compared to the pre&ndash The lockdown measures implemented worldwide to slow the spread of the COVID&ndash lockdown and lockdown periods, under baseline and reduced&ndash situ results indicate mean concentration reductions of 30&ndash specific BC components. Models were run for pre&ndash 19 pandemic have allowed for a unique real&ndash emissions scenarios. The in&ndash 35% for traffic&ndash week (23 March&ndash lockdown 3&ndash and post&ndash

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    Authors: Großarth, Stephan; Schreckenberg, Dirk; Oosten, Nico Van; Meliveo, Luis;

    Legal bans prohibit over land supersonic flights for any commercial aircraft. Those restrictions, aimed at decreasing noise annoyance on residents living along the flight path, have made supersonic commercial air traffic unprofitable, which resulted in the abandonment of the last supersonic passenger aircrafts in 2003. In recent years however, aviation industry has started to redesign supersonic aircrafts aiming at producing considerable less adverse noise impacts than former supersonic flights. The new way of surpassing the Mach 1 border has since become known as “low sonic boom” or “sonic thump”. For several years, simulation and laboratory studies have been carried out to estimate human responses to low sonic boom. In Galveston, Texas, NASA conducted a community response study to quiet supersonic boom produced by special supersonic F18 flight manoeuvres (diving) over sea. However, so far no field study exists that has tested the impact of low supersonic flights en route on the population underneath. The EU Horizon 2020 project RUMBLE (RegUlation and norM for low sonic Boom LEvels) aims at producing scientific evidence to determine the acceptable level of overland sonic booms and the appropriate ways to comply with it. For this, as part of the RUMBLE project experimental indoor and outdoor studies on human responses to sonic boom are carried out. The results of these studies together with an extensive review of existing scientific evidence on methodologies of noise impact research and results on human responses to subsonic and supersonic aircraft noise are collected to derive recommendations for a field study on human responses to supersonic flights en route. In this contribution, first ideas for a design of such a field study with regard to the noise effect assessment are discussed.

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    Authors: Wang, Chengjin; Ducruet, César;

    Special Issue: "The Changing Landscapes of Transport and Logistics in China"; International audience; Coal plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of China. Yet, the spatial mismatch between production centers (inland Northwest) and consumption centers (coastal region) within China fostered the emergence of dedicated coal transport corridors with limited alternatives. Serious problems of energy shortage and power rationing have already affected southeastern China. At the same time, enormous interregional coal transfers face a lack of transport capacity along the transport system. Based on first-hand statistics, a disaggregated analysis of coal distribution patterns since the late 1970s provides novel evidences about the local effects of macroscopic trends, such as the shift from dominant exports to dominant imports in terms of changing traffic concentration levels and distribution patterns among routes and ports. The spatial evolution of coal distribution is also discussed in terms of related industry linkages and local influences, coal trade policies and market pricing, port system evolution, and transport network planning. The paper also discusses possible improvements of the current situation through enhancing multimodal transport based on a review of current policies.

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    Journal of Transport Geography
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    Authors: Marc-André Gutscher; Stéphane Dominguez; Bernard Mercier de Lépinay; Luis M. Pinheiro; +7 Authors

    Subduction of a narrow slab of oceanic lithosphere beneath a tightly curved orogenic arc requires the presence of at least one lithospheric scale tear fault. While the Calabrian subduction beneath southern Italy is considered to be the type example of this geodynamic setting, the geometry, kinematics and surface expression of the associated lateral, slab tear fault offshore eastern Sicily remain controversial. Results from a new marine geophysical survey conducted in the Ionian Sea, using high-resolution bathymetry and seismic profiling reveal active faulting at the seafloor within a 140 km long, two-branched fault system near Alfeo Seamount. The previously unidentified 60 km long NW trending North Alfeo Fault system shows primarily strike-slip kinematics as indicated by the morphology and steep-dipping transpressional and transtensional faults. Available earthquake focal mechanisms indicate dextral strike-slip motion along this fault segment. The 80 km long SSE trending South Alfeo fault system is expressed by one or two steeply dipping normal faults, bounding the western side of a 500+ m thick, 5 km wide, elongate, syntectonic Plio-Quaternary sedimentary basin. Both branches of the fault system are mechanically capable of generating magnitude 6–7 earthquakes like those that struck eastern Sicily in 1169, 1542, and 1693. peer-reviewed

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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2016
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    OAR@UM
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Tectonics
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    Tectonics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2016
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      OAR@UM
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tectonics
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Tectonics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Frelat, Romain; Orio, Alessandro; Casini, Michele; Lehmann, Andreas; +4 Authors

    BONUS Symposium on Science Delivery for Sustainable Use of the Baltic Sea Living Resources, Tallinn, ESTONIA, OCT, 2017; International audience; Fisheries and marine ecosystem-based management requires a holistic understanding of the dynamics of fish communities and their responses to changes in environmental conditions. Environmental conditions can simultaneously shape the spatial distribution and the temporal dynamics of a population, which together can trigger changes in the functional structure of communities. Here, we developed a comprehensive framework based on complementary multivariate statistical methodologies to simultaneously investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the spatial, temporal and functional dynamics of species assemblages. The framework is tested using survey data collected during more than 4000 fisheries hauls over the Baltic Sea between 2001 and 2016. The approach revealed the Baltic fish community to be structured into three sub-assemblages along a strong and temporally stable salinity gradient decreasing from West to the East. Additionally, we highlight a mismatch between species and functional richness associated with a lower functional redundancy in the Baltic Proper compared with other sub-areas, suggesting an ecosystem more susceptible to external pressures. Based on a large dataset of community data analysed in an innovative and comprehensive way, we could disentangle the effects of environmental changes on the structure of biotic communities—key information for the management and conservation of ecosystems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ICES Journal of Mari...arrow_drop_down
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    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    ICES Journal of Marine Science
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      ICES Journal of Marine Science
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      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2018
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    Authors: Achim Randelhoff; Achim Randelhoff; Johnna Holding; Johnna Holding; +8 Authors

    Arctic Ocean primary productivity is limited by light and inorganic nutrients. With sea ice cover declining in recent decades, nitrate limitation has been speculated to become more prominent. Although much has been learned about nitrate supply from general patterns of ocean circulation and water column stability, a quantitative analysis requires dedicated turbulence measurements that have only started to accumulate in the last dozen years. Here we present new observations of the turbulent vertical nitrate flux in the Laptev Sea, Baffin Bay, and Young Sound (North-East Greenland), supplementing a compilation of 13 published estimates throughout the Arctic Ocean. Combining all flux estimates with a Pan-Arctic database of in situ measurements of nitrate concentration and density, we found the annual nitrate inventory to be largely determined by the strength of stratification and by bathymetry. Nitrate fluxes explained the observed regional patterns and magnitudes of both new primary production and particle export on annual scales. We argue that with few regional exceptions, vertical turbulent nitrate fluxes can be a reliable proxy of Arctic primary production accessible through autonomous and large-scale measurements. They may also provide a framework to assess nutrient limitation scenarios based on clear energetic and mass budget constraints resulting from turbulent mixing and freshwater flows.

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    Frontiers in Marine Science
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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      Frontiers in Marine Science
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      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Moore, C.; Mills, M.; Arrigo, K.; Berman-Frank, I.; +19 Authors

    Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary production in marine waters. The availability of nutrients in the upper ocean frequently limits the activity and abundance of these organisms. Experimental data have revealed two broad regimes of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the modern upper ocean. Nitrogen availability tends to limit productivity throughout much of the surface low-latitude ocean, where the supply of nutrients from the subsurface is relatively slow. In contrast, iron often limits productivity where subsurface nutrient supply is enhanced, including within the main oceanic upwelling regions of the Southern Ocean and the eastern equatorial Pacific. Phosphorus, vitamins and micronutrients other than iron may also (co-)limit marine phytoplankton. The spatial patterns and importance of co-limitation, however, remain unclear. Variability in the stoichiometries of nutrient supply and biological demand are key determinants of oceanic nutrient limitation. Deciphering the mechanisms that underpin this variability, and the consequences for marine microbes, will be a challenge. But such knowledge will be crucial for accurately predicting the consequences of ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to oceanic nutrient biogeochemistry. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2013
    Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
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    Nature Geoscience
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    Nature Geoscience
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    https://doi.org/10.7892/boris....
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2013
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      Nature Geoscience
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    Authors: Bellet, Thierry; Mayenobe, Pierre; Bornard, Jean-Charles; Gruyer, Dominique; +1 Authors

    This paper presents the first step of a research programme implemented by IFSTTAR in order to develop an integrative simulation platform able to support a Human Centred Design (HCD) method for virtual design of driving assistances. This virtual platform, named COSMO-SiVIC, implements a COgnitive Simulation MOdel of the DRIVEr (i.e. COSMODRIVE) into a Vehicle–Environment–Sensors platform (named SiVIC, for Simulateur Ve ́ hicule-Infrastructure-Capteur). From this simulation tool based on a computational driver model, the design costs of driving assistances is expected to reduce in the future, and the end-users needs during the design process are also better taken into account. This article is mainly focussed on the description of the driver model developed and implemented on the SiVIC virtual platform, which is only the first step towards a future Virtual HCD integrated tool. The first section will discuss the research context and objective, and the second one will present the theoretical background in cognitive sciences supporting our driver modelling approach. Then, the SiVIC tool is used in this research as a methodological and technical support for both empirical data collection among human drivers and as a virtual road environment to be interfaced with the COSMODRIVE model. In the result section, the functional architecture of COSMO-SIVIC (based on three complementary modules of Perception , Decision and Action ) will be described, and an example of virtual simulation of human driver’s errors due to visual distraction while driving will be presented. The perspectives concerning future use of COSMO-SIVIC for virtual HCD will be then discussed in the conclusion section.

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    Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
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  • Authors: Charlotte, Halpern; Carollo, Alessandra;

    This document, D4.2 Copenhagen report, is part of the second series of technical reports produced as part of WP4 during Task 3, “Qualitative analysis of transport policy development cycle processes in the five Stage 3 cities during the Shift from Stage 1 to Stage 3”. It seeks to develop a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the historical development of policies relating to traffic congestion and car use over the past four decades. It investigates the ways in which transport policies are designed and implemented in the five Stage 3 cities, how they have evolved over time, which policy mix has been favoured at different times, their intended/unexpected effects, and how coordination has been ensured. Published as part of D4.2 report ; When, why and how was Copenhagen able to (re-)invent itself successfully into “the bicycle city”? To whatextent are these developments replicable in other cities in CREATE and beyond? This report both highlights andaccounts for the process of gradual yet transformative change, which has characterized transport policy developments inCopenhagen and its metropolitan area over the past four decades. It provides some explanation as to why and how asustainable urban transport agenda emerged as a major political priority and flagship initiative. It also suggests that thesituation is not as clear-cut as suggested by political discourses: pro-car policies and car use have not been completelyabandoned in Copenhagen, and similarly, sustainable mobility policies are being strengthened beyond the city’s limits.In this perspective, the analytical framework developed as part of WP4, which combines the public policyapproach with the urban governance approach (see WP4 D4.1 report), proved particularly useful in order to examine theambiguous relationship between policy discourses on the one hand, and policy outcomes on the other hand. More thanin any other cases studied in WP4, the Copenhagen case confirms the need to examine policy implementation dynamicsin order to make sense of the choice and selection of policy instruments, including the role attributed from an early stageon to communication-based policy tools.

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    Authors: Ameli, Mostafa; Lebacque, Jean-Patrick; Leclercq, Ludovic;

    Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare network loadings related to different network equilibria by a simulation-based framework. The direct comparison of path flows or trajectory patterns is hard to achieve so here we propose a more aggregate approach based on the comparison of demand level breakpoints. A breakpoint is a demand threshold value that leads to significant changes in path flow loading. More specifically, we set in this paper a demand breakpoint when the list of effective route alternatives differs by at least one path. This is for example the case when one route is no longer considered for one equilibrium while being used by some vehicles in the second one. We are going to investigate both static and dynamic network loading while scanning all demand levels to identify the breakpoints. We focus on discrete demand formulation and choices and use a trip-based traffic simulator. This study analyzes the breakpoints for the solution of three popular equilibrium conditions: User equilibrium (UE), System optimum (SO) and Boundary Rational User Equilibrium (BRUE). First, we investigate breakpoints on a well-known network (Braess) in the static case in order to better define this concept. Second, breakpoints are investigated on a real network (Lyon, France) where dynamic travel times are provided by a microscopic traffic simulator. When the breakpoints are obtained for a given scenario, we focus on identifying demand ranges where some paths are not used in SO while being travelled in UE or BRUE. Following the concept of Braess paradox, this permits to design banning strategies at some key locations in the network to prevent some alternatives from being used and thus to improve the system performance. We show by simulation that such a strategy is effective, which demonstrates the importance of breakpoint identification.

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    Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
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    Authors: Georgios Grivas; Eleni Athanasopoulou; Anastasia Kakouri; Jennifer Bailey; +8 Authors

    lockdown period. A large reduction (53%) was observed also for the urban CO2 enhancement while the reduction for PM2.5 was subtler (18%). Significant reductions were also observed when comparing the 2020 lockdown period with past years. However, levels rebounded immediately following the lift of the general lockdown. The decrease in measured NO2 concentrations was reproduced by the implementation of the city scale model, under a realistic reduced&ndash emissions scenario for the lockdown period, anchored at a 46% decline of road transport activity. The model permitted the assessment of air quality improvements on a spatial scale, indicating that NO2 mean concentration reductions in areas of the Athens basin reached up to 50%. The findings suggest a potential for local traffic management strategies to reduce ambient exposure and to minimize exceedances of air quality standards for primary pollutants. week periods and with respective levels in the four previous years. We examined regulatory pollutants as well as CO2, black carbon (BC) and source&ndash world experiment, regarding the impacts of drastic emission cutbacks on urban air quality. In this study we assess the effects of a 7&ndash atmospheric chemistry model. Measurements in central Athens during the lockdown were compared with levels during the pre&ndash 10 May, 2020) lockdown in the Greater Area of Athens, coupling in situ observations with estimations from a meteorology&ndash related pollutants in Athens (NO2, CO, BC from fossil fuel combustion), compared to the pre&ndash The lockdown measures implemented worldwide to slow the spread of the COVID&ndash lockdown and lockdown periods, under baseline and reduced&ndash situ results indicate mean concentration reductions of 30&ndash specific BC components. Models were run for pre&ndash 19 pandemic have allowed for a unique real&ndash emissions scenarios. The in&ndash 35% for traffic&ndash week (23 March&ndash lockdown 3&ndash and post&ndash

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    Authors: Großarth, Stephan; Schreckenberg, Dirk; Oosten, Nico Van; Meliveo, Luis;

    Legal bans prohibit over land supersonic flights for any commercial aircraft. Those restrictions, aimed at decreasing noise annoyance on residents living along the flight path, have made supersonic commercial air traffic unprofitable, which resulted in the abandonment of the last supersonic passenger aircrafts in 2003. In recent years however, aviation industry has started to redesign supersonic aircrafts aiming at producing considerable less adverse noise impacts than former supersonic flights. The new way of surpassing the Mach 1 border has since become known as “low sonic boom” or “sonic thump”. For several years, simulation and laboratory studies have been carried out to estimate human responses to low sonic boom. In Galveston, Texas, NASA conducted a community response study to quiet supersonic boom produced by special supersonic F18 flight manoeuvres (diving) over sea. However, so far no field study exists that has tested the impact of low supersonic flights en route on the population underneath. The EU Horizon 2020 project RUMBLE (RegUlation and norM for low sonic Boom LEvels) aims at producing scientific evidence to determine the acceptable level of overland sonic booms and the appropriate ways to comply with it. For this, as part of the RUMBLE project experimental indoor and outdoor studies on human responses to sonic boom are carried out. The results of these studies together with an extensive review of existing scientific evidence on methodologies of noise impact research and results on human responses to subsonic and supersonic aircraft noise are collected to derive recommendations for a field study on human responses to supersonic flights en route. In this contribution, first ideas for a design of such a field study with regard to the noise effect assessment are discussed.

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    Authors: Wang, Chengjin; Ducruet, César;

    Special Issue: "The Changing Landscapes of Transport and Logistics in China"; International audience; Coal plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of China. Yet, the spatial mismatch between production centers (inland Northwest) and consumption centers (coastal region) within China fostered the emergence of dedicated coal transport corridors with limited alternatives. Serious problems of energy shortage and power rationing have already affected southeastern China. At the same time, enormous interregional coal transfers face a lack of transport capacity along the transport system. Based on first-hand statistics, a disaggregated analysis of coal distribution patterns since the late 1970s provides novel evidences about the local effects of macroscopic trends, such as the shift from dominant exports to dominant imports in terms of changing traffic concentration levels and distribution patterns among routes and ports. The spatial evolution of coal distribution is also discussed in terms of related industry linkages and local influences, coal trade policies and market pricing, port system evolution, and transport network planning. The paper also discusses possible improvements of the current situation through enhancing multimodal transport based on a review of current policies.

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