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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research;

    Ce document défini le formulaire à utiliser pour la prise et l'analyse des échantillons de terre à la base du document "Liste d'analyses en laboratoire pour l'évaluation de la qualité du sol", identifié parFCC-2311091456-PLA (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10492362).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Andrea Corona; Symanczik, Sarah; Bodenhausen, Natacha;

    Problem: Conventional methods to quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization include microscopy, which involves staining of the roots and meticulous observation. This method is time consuming and subjective because it depends on the observer’s level of expertise. Solution: The use of broad range qPCR primers was validated to quantify AMF root colonization in different crops. This high-throughput and reliable technique is versatile and suitable for a wide range of research projects.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alonso Martín, David;

    [EN] The impact of climate change on horticultural crops is increasingly evident, leading to drastic loss and erosion of genetic diversity. This poses significant challenges for crop improvement, which requires the exploration of plant genetic resources conserved in germplasm banks and the development of technologies. However, the current situation of germplasm collections is characterized by the existence of unidentified duplicates among collections, taxonomic mislabelling, insufficient and unavailable documentation for researchers and breeders, and a lack of funding for proper conservation and management. This greatly hampers the utilization of these resources. This thesis addresses this problem by starting with the unification of passport, phenotyping, and image data from the main collections of tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Genotyping these collections enables the creation of core collections, enhancing knowledge of genotypic and phenotypic variability for researchers and breeders. In the first chapter, an inventory of available passport and phenotypic data of tomato, pepper, and eggplant accessions conserved in major European and non-European germplasm banks were conducted to improve the efficiency of plant genetic resource management. The second chapter focuses on the development and optimization of a high-quality, fast, and cost-effective genomic DNA extraction method that combines the advantages of the CTAB-based extraction method with nucleic acid purification on a silica matrix. The efficiency of the resulting genomic DNA was evaluated on different sequencing platforms, such as Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) and Oxford Nanopore, yielding promising results. This facilitates the prerequisite step of DNA extraction before genotyping the collections. Chapter three addresses the genotyping of the collections. The high number of accessions for each crop, particularly tomato, poses an often insurmountable economic problem. Therefore, chapter three is focused on evaluating the potential of SPET sequencing technology, which is more cost-effective than other known methods, for high-throughput genotyping of tomato and eggplant germplasm collections. The results reveal that SPET genotyping is a robust and high-performance technology for genetic studies, including the identification of duplicates and taxonomic misclassifications in the accessions stored in the germplasm banks. Based on the information generated in the first three chapters, core collections were established for each crop, encompassing maximum genetic and phenotypic diversity in a set of 450 individuals. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the genetic and phenotypic analysis of the tomato core collection is examined and described using an approach based on establishing genetic groups based on their genetic proximity. Genetic and phenotypic diversity analysis revealed distinct patterns of variation among different genetic groups, contradicting previous claims of a decrease in genetic diversity due to genetic improvement and uncovering unique correlations between morphological traits within different groups. The study highlights the importance of considering both genetic and phenotypic diversity in tomato breeding initiatives, with a particular emphasis on aspects such as fruit size, shape, color, and quality. In conclusion, this thesis enhances knowledge and accessibility to major Solanaceae collections in germplasm banks, while providing molecular tools for genotypic evaluation. It underscores germplasm banks' role as genetic diversity reservoirs, despite challenges such as data limitations and inaccuracies, emphasizing the importance of data standardization and maintenance. These advancements lay a foundation for conservation and breeding programs in the future. [CA] L'impacte del canvi climàtic en els cultius hortícoles és cada vegada més evident, la qual cosa ha portat a la dràstica pèrdua i erosió de la diversitat genètica. La reduïda diversitat genètica planteja importants reptes per a la millora dels cultius. Sent necessari l'exploració dels recursos genètics vegetals conservats en els bancs de germoplasma i el desenvolupament de tecnologies que permeten avaluar el valor fenotípic i genotípic d'aquests materials. Pel que fa a les col·leccions de germoplasma presenten duplicats no identificats entre col·leccions, errors en la classificació taxonòmica, falta de finançament per a la conservació i gestió adequades a banda de documentació insuficient i no disponible (investigadors i milloradors vegetals). En la present tesi doctoral en el primer capítol s'aborda aquest problema unificant les dades de passaport, fenotipat i imatges de les principals col·leccions de tomaca, pebre i albergínia en un mateix repositori. El segon capítol es focalitza en el desenvolupament i optimització d'un mètode d'extracció de ADN genòmic d'alta qualitat, ràpid i econòmic que combina els avantatges del mètode d'extracció basat en el CTAB amb l'ús de matrius de sílice. El mètode desenvolupat pot utilitzar-se de manera universal per a diferents espècies i teixits vegetals. S'ha avaluat l'eficiència del ADN genòmic resultant en diferents plataformes de seqüenciació com SPET (Single Primer Enrichment Technology) i Oxford Nanopore, generant resultats molt prometedors. Això facilita el pas previ al genotipat de les col·leccions que és l'extracció d'ADN. En el tercer capítol aborda l'optimització del procés de genotipat de les col·leccions generades. L'elevat nombre d'accessions de cada cultiu, en particular la tomaca, suposa un problema de tipus econòmic, a vegades irresoluble. Per això, aquest capítol està orientat a l'avaluació del potencial de la tecnologia de seqüenciació SPET per al genotipat d'alt rendiment de col·leccions de germoplasma de tomaca i albergínia a un preu econòmic. Els resultats revelen que el genotipat SPET és una tecnologia robusta i d'alt rendiment per a estudis genètics, incloent-hi la possibilitat d'identificació de duplicats i errors de classificació taxonòmica en les entrades conservades en els bancs de germoplasma. La informació generada va permetre establir col·leccions nuclears per a cada cultiu, abastant la màxima diversitat genètica i fenotípica en un conjunt de 450 individus. Finalment, en el quart capítol, s'analitza i descrigué la col·lecció nuclear de tomaca a nivell genètic i fenotípic, focalitzant-se en l'establiment de grups genètics basats en la seua proximitat genètica. L'anàlisi de la diversitat genètica i fenotípica va revelar patrons de variació diferents entre diferents grups genètics, contradient afirmacions anteriors que proposaven una disminució en la diversitat genètica a conseqüència de la millora genètica. També és descobriren noves correlacions entre trets morfològics únics dins dels diferents grups. L'estudi destaca la importància d'abordar les iniciatives de millora de la tomaca tenint en compte tant la diversitat genètica com la fenotípica, amb especial èmfasi en aspectes com la grandària, la forma, el color i la qualitat del fruit. En definitiva, els treballs realitzats en aquesta tesi doctoral augmenten, d'una banda, el coneixement i l'accessibilitat a les principals col·leccions de solanàcies conservades en els bancs de germoplasma. Per un altre, generen eines moleculars que permeten l' avaluació genotípica de les col·leccions analizades. En resum, aquests avanços suposen una base per al futur, proporcionant informació valuosa per a la pròpia conservació de les col·leccions i el seu ús en programes de millora. [ES] El impacto del cambio climático en los cultivos hortícolas es cada vez más evidente, lo que ha llevado a la pérdida y erosión de diversidad genética de manera drástica. Esto plantea importantes desafíos para la mejora de los cultivos, que requiere la exploración de los recursos fitogenéticos conservados en los bancos de germoplasma y el desarrollo de tecnologías que permitan evaluar el valor fenotípico y genotípico de estos materiales. Sin embargo, la situación actual de las colecciones de germoplasma es la existencia de duplicados no identificados entre colecciones, errores en la clasificación taxonómica, documentación insuficiente y no disponible para investigadores y mejoradores, añadido a la falta de financiación para la conservación y gestión adecuadas. Esto dificulta enormemente la utilización de estos recursos. En la presente Tesis se aborda este problema comenzando por la unificación de datos de pasaporte, fenotipado e imágenes de las principales colecciones de tomate, pimiento y berenjena en un mismo repositorio en el primer capítulo. El segundo capítulo se centra en el desarrollo y optimización de un método de extracción de ADN genómico de alta calidad, rápido y económico que combina las ventajas del método de extracción basado en el CTAB, añadido a la purificación de los ácidos nucleicos en una matriz de sílice. Es un método universal que puede utilizarse para diferentes especies y tejidos. Se ha evaluado la eficiencia del ADN genómico resultante en diferentes plataformas de secuenciación como SPET (Single Primer Enrichment Technology) y Oxford Nanopore, generando resultados muy prometedores. Esto facilita el paso previo al genotipado de las colecciones que es la extracción de ADN. En el tercer capítulo se aborda el genotipado de las colecciones. El elevado número de accesiones de cada cultivo, en particular el tomate, supone un problema de tipo económico, en ocasiones irresoluble. Por ello, el tercer capítulo está orientado a la evaluación del potencial de la tecnología de secuenciación SPET, más económica que otras conocidas, para el genotipado de alto rendimiento de colecciones de germoplasma de tomate y berenjena. Los resultados revelan que el genotipado SPET es una tecnología robusta y de alto rendimiento para estudios genéticos, incluyendo la posibilidad de identificación de duplicados y errores de clasificación taxonómica en las entradas conservadas en los bancos. Con la información generada en los primeros tres capítulos se establecieron las colecciones nucleares para cada cultivo, abarcando la máxima diversidad genética y fenotípica en un conjunto de 450 individuos. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo, se analiza y describe la colección nuclear de tomate a nivel genético y fenotípico, mediante un enfoque basado en el establecimiento de grupos genéticos basados en su proximidad genética. El análisis de la diversidad genética y fenotípica reveló patrones de variación distintos entre diferentes grupos genéticos, contradiciendo afirmaciones anteriores que proponían una disminución en la diversidad genética como consecuencia de la mejora genética y descubriendo correlaciones entre rasgos morfológicos únicas dentro de los diferentes grupos. En resumen, esta tesis aumenta el conocimiento y accesibilidad a las colecciones de Solanaceae en bancos de germoplasma y proporciona herramientas moleculares. Destaca la importancia de estos bancos como reservorios de diversidad genética, aunque enfrenten desafíos como datos limitados y duplicados. Estos avances sientan las bases para la conservación y programas de mejora futuros. This work was supported by grants CIPROM/2021/020 from Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain), PID2021-128148OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, PDC2022-133513-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, and by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”, by Grant Agreement No. 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops) from European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, by the Grant Agreement No. 101094738 (PRO-GRACE project: Promoting a Plant Genetic Resource Community for Europe) from the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme, as well as by the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. This later project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, see the project website: htp://www.cwrdiversity.org/. The overall work also partially fulfils some goals of the Agritech National Research Center and received funding from the European Union Next-Generation EU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)–MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4—D.D. 1032 17/06/2022, CN00000022). David Alonso is grateful to Universitat Politècnica de València for a predoctoral (PAID-01-16)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao RiuNetarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao RiuNetarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Ramesh Glückler; Josias Gloy; Elisabeth Dietze; Ulrike Herzschuh; +1 Authors

    Abstract Background Wildfires are recognized as an important ecological component of larch-dominated boreal forests in eastern Siberia. However, long-term fire-vegetation dynamics in this unique environment are poorly understood. Recent paleoecological research suggests that intensifying fire regimes may induce millennial-scale shifts in forest structure and composition. This may, in turn, result in positive feedback on intensifying wildfires and permafrost degradation, apart from threatening human livelihoods. Most common fire-vegetation models do not explicitly include detailed individual-based tree population dynamics, but a focus on patterns of forest structure emerging from interactions among individual trees may provide a beneficial perspective on the impacts of changing fire regimes in eastern Siberia. To simulate these impacts on forest structure at millennial timescales, we apply the individual-based, spatially explicit vegetation model LAVESI-FIRE, expanded with a new fire module. Satellite-based fire observations along with fieldwork data were used to inform the implementation of wildfire occurrence and adjust model parameters. Results Simulations of annual forest development and wildfire activity at a study site in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 20,000 years BP) highlight the variable impacts of fire regimes on forest structure throughout time. Modeled annual fire probability and subsequent burned area in the Holocene compare well with a local reconstruction of charcoal influx in lake sediments. Wildfires can be followed by different forest regeneration pathways, depending on fire frequency and intensity and the pre-fire forest conditions. We find that medium-intensity wildfires at fire return intervals of 50 years or more benefit the dominance of fire-resisting Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.), while stand-replacing fires tend to enable the establishment of evergreen conifers. Apart from post-fire mortality, wildfires modulate forest development mainly through competition effects and a reduction of the model’s litter layer. Conclusion With its fine-scale population dynamics, LAVESI-FIRE can serve as a highly localized, spatially explicit tool to understand the long-term impacts of boreal wildfires on forest structure and to better constrain interpretations of paleoecological reconstructions of fire activity.

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    Fire Ecology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Fire Ecology
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    Authors: Aloisi,, Antonio;

    In recent years, algorithmic management practices have been widely adopted by employers to monitor remote work, analyse how applicants behave during job interviews, rate workers' performance and calculate wage adjustments. As a consequence, the condition of workers being subjected to the upstream authority of managers has intensified. Employment protection legislation recognises the importance of curbing the bosses' unilateral discretionary power by deploying several controlling factors. However, the traditional guardrails have now been displaced by the transformative impetus of data-driven technologies. As a response to this challenge, several European Union law tools could be pragmatically adapted to curtail the expansion of managers' decisional leeway. By applying a multidimensional, anticipatory and participatory approach, this paper integrates substantive and procedural rules that contribute to rebalancing informational asymmetries within workplaces and assesses the effectiveness of those rules. Using examples from case law, administrative decisions and legislative developments, it also discusses the mutually reinforcing relationship between data protection provisions and anti-discrimination measures, which renders automated decisions documentable and contestable. Beyond defensive tactics, this paper calls for the involvement of worker representatives in co-designing digital human resources policies. Indeed, as data are relational, collective bodies are uniquely placed to exchange information, raise awareness and bring claims, thereby preventing algorithmic abuses.

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    Authors: Huanfa Chen; Xiaowei Gao; Huanhuan Li; Zaili Yang;
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    Applied Geography
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      Applied Geography
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    Authors: Miho H.; Pagnotta G.; Hitaj D.; De Gaspari F.; +5 Authors

    The easy and accurate identification of varieties is fundamental in agriculture, especially in the olive sector, where more than 1200 olive varieties are currently known worldwide. Varietal misidentification leads to many potential problems for all the actors in the sector: farmers and nursery workers may establish the wrong variety, leading to its maladaptation in the field; olive oil and table olive producers may label and sell a non-authentic product; consumers may be misled; and breeders may commit errors during targeted crossings between different varieties. To date, the standard for varietal identification and certification consists of two methods: morphological classification and genetic analysis. The morphological classification consists of the visual pairwise comparison of different organs of the olive tree, where the most important organ is considered to be the endocarp. In contrast, different methods for genetic classification exist (RAPDs, SSR, and SNP). Both classification methods present advantages and disadvantages. Visual morphological classification requires highly specialized personnel and is prone to human error. Genetic identification methods are more accurate but incur a high cost and are difficult to implement. This paper introduces OliVaR, a novel approach to olive varietal identification. OliVaR uses a teacher-student deep learning architecture to learn the defining characteristics of the endocarp of each specific olive variety and perform classification. We construct what is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest olive variety dataset to date, comprising image data for 131 varieties from the Mediterranean basin. We thoroughly test OliVaR on this dataset and show that it correctly predicts olive varieties with over 86% accuracy. 10 pages, 9 figures

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Matteo Metta; Joost Dessein; Gianluca Brunori;
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    Journal of Rural Studies
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Rural Studies
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    Authors: Lajos, Baráth; Zoltán, Bakucs; Zsófia, Benedek; Imre, Fertő; +4 Authors

    The literature on the effectiveness of Agri-Environmental Schemes focuses mainly on the environmental effects; only a few studies have focused on economic aspects. The number of papers that address ecological and economic outcomes simultaneously is even more limited. In this paper, we apply the concept of eco-efficiency to integrate these two factors. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of participation in the agri-environmental scheme of Hungarian field crop farmers in terms of eco-efficiency. To make unbiased and consistent comparisons we use advances from aggregation and bootstrap theory in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) context. The results indicate that there exists a significant potential for enhancing eco-efficiency in Hungarian crop farms. Furthermore, our results reveal that, in terms of eco-efficiency, perceived as the relationship of farm income to pesticide, fertilizers and energy use, no significant differences exist between participating and non-participating farmers. The results are robust to different methods. Our results pose questions about the efficacy of the Agri-Environmental Scheme.

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    Authors: Arlind Dervishaj; Kjartan Gudmundsson;

    This paper reviews digital tools for supporting the Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment. The study provides a bibliometric analysis and focuses on computer-aided design (CAD), building information modeling (BIM), and computational plugins that can be used by practitioners. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the primary methodology for evaluating buildings' environmental performance, the study identifies tools beyond LCA, including computational methods and circularity indicators, that can support the evaluation of circular design strategies. Our review highlights limitations in tools’ functionalities, including a lack of representative data for LCA and underdeveloped circularity indicators. The paper calls for further development of these tools in terms of interoperability aspects, integration of more sources of data for LCA and circularity, and possibilities for a comprehensive evaluation of design choices. Computational plugins offer greater flexibility, while BIM-LCA integrations have the potential to replace dedicated LCA software and spreadsheets. Additionally, the study identifies opportunities for novel digital methods, such as algorithms for circular design with various types of reused building elements, and sharing of digital twins and material passports. This research can inform future studies and support architects and engineers in their efforts to create a sustainable built environment. ReCreate project (Horizon 2020 grant no. 958200) QC 20231204

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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research;

    Ce document défini le formulaire à utiliser pour la prise et l'analyse des échantillons de terre à la base du document "Liste d'analyses en laboratoire pour l'évaluation de la qualité du sol", identifié parFCC-2311091456-PLA (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10492362).

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    Authors: Andrea Corona; Symanczik, Sarah; Bodenhausen, Natacha;

    Problem: Conventional methods to quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization include microscopy, which involves staining of the roots and meticulous observation. This method is time consuming and subjective because it depends on the observer’s level of expertise. Solution: The use of broad range qPCR primers was validated to quantify AMF root colonization in different crops. This high-throughput and reliable technique is versatile and suitable for a wide range of research projects.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alonso Martín, David;

    [EN] The impact of climate change on horticultural crops is increasingly evident, leading to drastic loss and erosion of genetic diversity. This poses significant challenges for crop improvement, which requires the exploration of plant genetic resources conserved in germplasm banks and the development of technologies. However, the current situation of germplasm collections is characterized by the existence of unidentified duplicates among collections, taxonomic mislabelling, insufficient and unavailable documentation for researchers and breeders, and a lack of funding for proper conservation and management. This greatly hampers the utilization of these resources. This thesis addresses this problem by starting with the unification of passport, phenotyping, and image data from the main collections of tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Genotyping these collections enables the creation of core collections, enhancing knowledge of genotypic and phenotypic variability for researchers and breeders. In the first chapter, an inventory of available passport and phenotypic data of tomato, pepper, and eggplant accessions conserved in major European and non-European germplasm banks were conducted to improve the efficiency of plant genetic resource management. The second chapter focuses on the development and optimization of a high-quality, fast, and cost-effective genomic DNA extraction method that combines the advantages of the CTAB-based extraction method with nucleic acid purification on a silica matrix. The efficiency of the resulting genomic DNA was evaluated on different sequencing platforms, such as Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) and Oxford Nanopore, yielding promising results. This facilitates the prerequisite step of DNA extraction before genotyping the collections. Chapter three addresses the genotyping of the collections. The high number of accessions for each crop, particularly tomato, poses an often insurmountable economic problem. Therefore, chapter three is focused on evaluating the potential of SPET sequencing technology, which is more cost-effective than other known methods, for high-throughput genotyping of tomato and eggplant germplasm collections. The results reveal that SPET genotyping is a robust and high-performance technology for genetic studies, including the identification of duplicates and taxonomic misclassifications in the accessions stored in the germplasm banks. Based on the information generated in the first three chapters, core collections were established for each crop, encompassing maximum genetic and phenotypic diversity in a set of 450 individuals. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the genetic and phenotypic analysis of the tomato core collection is examined and described using an approach based on establishing genetic groups based on their genetic proximity. Genetic and phenotypic diversity analysis revealed distinct patterns of variation among different genetic groups, contradicting previous claims of a decrease in genetic diversity due to genetic improvement and uncovering unique correlations between morphological traits within different groups. The study highlights the importance of considering both genetic and phenotypic diversity in tomato breeding initiatives, with a particular emphasis on aspects such as fruit size, shape, color, and quality. In conclusion, this thesis enhances knowledge and accessibility to major Solanaceae collections in germplasm banks, while providing molecular tools for genotypic evaluation. It underscores germplasm banks' role as genetic diversity reservoirs, despite challenges such as data limitations and inaccuracies, emphasizing the importance of data standardization and maintenance. These advancements lay a foundation for conservation and breeding programs in the future. [CA] L'impacte del canvi climàtic en els cultius hortícoles és cada vegada més evident, la qual cosa ha portat a la dràstica pèrdua i erosió de la diversitat genètica. La reduïda diversitat genètica planteja importants reptes per a la millora dels cultius. Sent necessari l'exploració dels recursos genètics vegetals conservats en els bancs de germoplasma i el desenvolupament de tecnologies que permeten avaluar el valor fenotípic i genotípic d'aquests materials. Pel que fa a les col·leccions de germoplasma presenten duplicats no identificats entre col·leccions, errors en la classificació taxonòmica, falta de finançament per a la conservació i gestió adequades a banda de documentació insuficient i no disponible (investigadors i milloradors vegetals). En la present tesi doctoral en el primer capítol s'aborda aquest problema unificant les dades de passaport, fenotipat i imatges de les principals col·leccions de tomaca, pebre i albergínia en un mateix repositori. El segon capítol es focalitza en el desenvolupament i optimització d'un mètode d'extracció de ADN genòmic d'alta qualitat, ràpid i econòmic que combina els avantatges del mètode d'extracció basat en el CTAB amb l'ús de matrius de sílice. El mètode desenvolupat pot utilitzar-se de manera universal per a diferents espècies i teixits vegetals. S'ha avaluat l'eficiència del ADN genòmic resultant en diferents plataformes de seqüenciació com SPET (Single Primer Enrichment Technology) i Oxford Nanopore, generant resultats molt prometedors. Això facilita el pas previ al genotipat de les col·leccions que és l'extracció d'ADN. En el tercer capítol aborda l'optimització del procés de genotipat de les col·leccions generades. L'elevat nombre d'accessions de cada cultiu, en particular la tomaca, suposa un problema de tipus econòmic, a vegades irresoluble. Per això, aquest capítol està orientat a l'avaluació del potencial de la tecnologia de seqüenciació SPET per al genotipat d'alt rendiment de col·leccions de germoplasma de tomaca i albergínia a un preu econòmic. Els resultats revelen que el genotipat SPET és una tecnologia robusta i d'alt rendiment per a estudis genètics, incloent-hi la possibilitat d'identificació de duplicats i errors de classificació taxonòmica en les entrades conservades en els bancs de germoplasma. La informació generada va permetre establir col·leccions nuclears per a cada cultiu, abastant la màxima diversitat genètica i fenotípica en un conjunt de 450 individus. Finalment, en el quart capítol, s'analitza i descrigué la col·lecció nuclear de tomaca a nivell genètic i fenotípic, focalitzant-se en l'establiment de grups genètics basats en la seua proximitat genètica. L'anàlisi de la diversitat genètica i fenotípica va revelar patrons de variació diferents entre diferents grups genètics, contradient afirmacions anteriors que proposaven una disminució en la diversitat genètica a conseqüència de la millora genètica. També és descobriren noves correlacions entre trets morfològics únics dins dels diferents grups. L'estudi destaca la importància d'abordar les iniciatives de millora de la tomaca tenint en compte tant la diversitat genètica com la fenotípica, amb especial èmfasi en aspectes com la grandària, la forma, el color i la qualitat del fruit. En definitiva, els treballs realitzats en aquesta tesi doctoral augmenten, d'una banda, el coneixement i l'accessibilitat a les principals col·leccions de solanàcies conservades en els bancs de germoplasma. Per un altre, generen eines moleculars que permeten l' avaluació genotípica de les col·leccions analizades. En resum, aquests avanços suposen una base per al futur, proporcionant informació valuosa per a la pròpia conservació de les col·leccions i el seu ús en programes de millora. [ES] El impacto del cambio climático en los cultivos hortícolas es cada vez más evidente, lo que ha llevado a la pérdida y erosión de diversidad genética de manera drástica. Esto plantea importantes desafíos para la mejora de los cultivos, que requiere la exploración de los recursos fitogenéticos conservados en los bancos de germoplasma y el desarrollo de tecnologías que permitan evaluar el valor fenotípico y genotípico de estos materiales. Sin embargo, la situación actual de las colecciones de germoplasma es la existencia de duplicados no identificados entre colecciones, errores en la clasificación taxonómica, documentación insuficiente y no disponible para investigadores y mejoradores, añadido a la falta de financiación para la conservación y gestión adecuadas. Esto dificulta enormemente la utilización de estos recursos. En la presente Tesis se aborda este problema comenzando por la unificación de datos de pasaporte, fenotipado e imágenes de las principales colecciones de tomate, pimiento y berenjena en un mismo repositorio en el primer capítulo. El segundo capítulo se centra en el desarrollo y optimización de un método de extracción de ADN genómico de alta calidad, rápido y económico que combina las ventajas del método de extracción basado en el CTAB, añadido a la purificación de los ácidos nucleicos en una matriz de sílice. Es un método universal que puede utilizarse para diferentes especies y tejidos. Se ha evaluado la eficiencia del ADN genómico resultante en diferentes plataformas de secuenciación como SPET (Single Primer Enrichment Technology) y Oxford Nanopore, generando resultados muy prometedores. Esto facilita el paso previo al genotipado de las colecciones que es la extracción de ADN. En el tercer capítulo se aborda el genotipado de las colecciones. El elevado número de accesiones de cada cultivo, en particular el tomate, supone un problema de tipo económico, en ocasiones irresoluble. Por ello, el tercer capítulo está orientado a la evaluación del potencial de la tecnología de secuenciación SPET, más económica que otras conocidas, para el genotipado de alto rendimiento de colecciones de germoplasma de tomate y berenjena. Los resultados revelan que el genotipado SPET es una tecnología robusta y de alto rendimiento para estudios genéticos, incluyendo la posibilidad de identificación de duplicados y errores de clasificación taxonómica en las entradas conservadas en los bancos. Con la información generada en los primeros tres capítulos se establecieron las colecciones nucleares para cada cultivo, abarcando la máxima diversidad genética y fenotípica en un conjunto de 450 individuos. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo, se analiza y describe la colección nuclear de tomate a nivel genético y fenotípico, mediante un enfoque basado en el establecimiento de grupos genéticos basados en su proximidad genética. El análisis de la diversidad genética y fenotípica reveló patrones de variación distintos entre diferentes grupos genéticos, contradiciendo afirmaciones anteriores que proponían una disminución en la diversidad genética como consecuencia de la mejora genética y descubriendo correlaciones entre rasgos morfológicos únicas dentro de los diferentes grupos. En resumen, esta tesis aumenta el conocimiento y accesibilidad a las colecciones de Solanaceae en bancos de germoplasma y proporciona herramientas moleculares. Destaca la importancia de estos bancos como reservorios de diversidad genética, aunque enfrenten desafíos como datos limitados y duplicados. Estos avances sientan las bases para la conservación y programas de mejora futuros. This work was supported by grants CIPROM/2021/020 from Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain), PID2021-128148OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, PDC2022-133513-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, and by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”, by Grant Agreement No. 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops) from European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, by the Grant Agreement No. 101094738 (PRO-GRACE project: Promoting a Plant Genetic Resource Community for Europe) from the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme, as well as by the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. This later project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, see the project website: htp://www.cwrdiversity.org/. The overall work also partially fulfils some goals of the Agritech National Research Center and received funding from the European Union Next-Generation EU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)–MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4—D.D. 1032 17/06/2022, CN00000022). David Alonso is grateful to Universitat Politècnica de València for a predoctoral (PAID-01-16)

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    Authors: Ramesh Glückler; Josias Gloy; Elisabeth Dietze; Ulrike Herzschuh; +1 Authors

    Abstract Background Wildfires are recognized as an important ecological component of larch-dominated boreal forests in eastern Siberia. However, long-term fire-vegetation dynamics in this unique environment are poorly understood. Recent paleoecological research suggests that intensifying fire regimes may induce millennial-scale shifts in forest structure and composition. This may, in turn, result in positive feedback on intensifying wildfires and permafrost degradation, apart from threatening human livelihoods. Most common fire-vegetation models do not explicitly include detailed individual-based tree population dynamics, but a focus on patterns of forest structure emerging from interactions among individual trees may provide a beneficial perspective on the impacts of changing fire regimes in eastern Siberia. To simulate these impacts on forest structure at millennial timescales, we apply the individual-based, spatially explicit vegetation model LAVESI-FIRE, expanded with a new fire module. Satellite-based fire observations along with fieldwork data were used to inform the implementation of wildfire occurrence and adjust model parameters. Results Simulations of annual forest development and wildfire activity at a study site in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 20,000 years BP) highlight the variable impacts of fire regimes on forest structure throughout time. Modeled annual fire probability and subsequent burned area in the Holocene compare well with a local reconstruction of charcoal influx in lake sediments. Wildfires can be followed by different forest regeneration pathways, depending on fire frequency and intensity and the pre-fire forest conditions. We find that medium-intensity wildfires at fire return intervals of 50 years or more benefit the dominance of fire-resisting Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.), while stand-replacing fires tend to enable the establishment of evergreen conifers. Apart from post-fire mortality, wildfires modulate forest development mainly through competition effects and a reduction of the model’s litter layer. Conclusion With its fine-scale population dynamics, LAVESI-FIRE can serve as a highly localized, spatially explicit tool to understand the long-term impacts of boreal wildfires on forest structure and to better constrain interpretations of paleoecological reconstructions of fire activity.

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    Fire Ecology
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    Authors: Aloisi,, Antonio;

    In recent years, algorithmic management practices have been widely adopted by employers to monitor remote work, analyse how applicants behave during job interviews, rate workers' performance and calculate wage adjustments. As a consequence, the condition of workers being subjected to the upstream authority of managers has intensified. Employment protection legislation recognises the importance of curbing the bosses' unilateral discretionary power by deploying several controlling factors. However, the traditional guardrails have now been displaced by the transformative impetus of data-driven technologies. As a response to this challenge, several European Union law tools could be pragmatically adapted to curtail the expansion of managers' decisional leeway. By applying a multidimensional, anticipatory and participatory approach, this paper integrates substantive and procedural rules that contribute to rebalancing informational asymmetries within workplaces and assesses the effectiveness of those rules. Using examples from case law, administrative decisions and legislative developments, it also discusses the mutually reinforcing relationship between data protection provisions and anti-discrimination measures, which renders automated decisions documentable and contestable. Beyond defensive tactics, this paper calls for the involvement of worker representatives in co-designing digital human resources policies. Indeed, as data are relational, collective bodies are uniquely placed to exchange information, raise awareness and bring claims, thereby preventing algorithmic abuses.

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    Authors: Huanfa Chen; Xiaowei Gao; Huanhuan Li; Zaili Yang;
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    Applied Geography
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    Authors: Miho H.; Pagnotta G.; Hitaj D.; De Gaspari F.; +5 Authors

    The easy and accurate identification of varieties is fundamental in agriculture, especially in the olive sector, where more than 1200 olive varieties are currently known worldwide. Varietal misidentification leads to many potential problems for all the actors in the sector: farmers and nursery workers may establish the wrong variety, leading to its maladaptation in the field; olive oil and table olive producers may label and sell a non-authentic product; consumers may be misled; and breeders may commit errors during targeted crossings between different varieties. To date, the standard for varietal identification and certification consists of two methods: morphological classification and genetic analysis. The morphological classification consists of the visual pairwise comparison of different organs of the olive tree, where the most important organ is considered to be the endocarp. In contrast, different methods for genetic classification exist (RAPDs, SSR, and SNP). Both classification methods present advantages and disadvantages. Visual morphological classification requires highly specialized personnel and is prone to human error. Genetic identification methods are more accurate but incur a high cost and are difficult to implement. This paper introduces OliVaR, a novel approach to olive varietal identification. OliVaR uses a teacher-student deep learning architecture to learn the defining characteristics of the endocarp of each specific olive variety and perform classification. We construct what is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest olive variety dataset to date, comprising image data for 131 varieties from the Mediterranean basin. We thoroughly test OliVaR on this dataset and show that it correctly predicts olive varieties with over 86% accuracy. 10 pages, 9 figures

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Matteo Metta; Joost Dessein; Gianluca Brunori;
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    Journal of Rural Studies
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Rural Studies
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    Authors: Lajos, Baráth; Zoltán, Bakucs; Zsófia, Benedek; Imre, Fertő; +4 Authors

    The literature on the effectiveness of Agri-Environmental Schemes focuses mainly on the environmental effects; only a few studies have focused on economic aspects. The number of papers that address ecological and economic outcomes simultaneously is even more limited. In this paper, we apply the concept of eco-efficiency to integrate these two factors. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of participation in the agri-environmental scheme of Hungarian field crop farmers in terms of eco-efficiency. To make unbiased and consistent comparisons we use advances from aggregation and bootstrap theory in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) context. The results indicate that there exists a significant potential for enhancing eco-efficiency in Hungarian crop farms. Furthermore, our results reveal that, in terms of eco-efficiency, perceived as the relationship of farm income to pesticide, fertilizers and energy use, no significant differences exist between participating and non-participating farmers. The results are robust to different methods. Our results pose questions about the efficacy of the Agri-Environmental Scheme.

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    Authors: Arlind Dervishaj; Kjartan Gudmundsson;

    This paper reviews digital tools for supporting the Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment. The study provides a bibliometric analysis and focuses on computer-aided design (CAD), building information modeling (BIM), and computational plugins that can be used by practitioners. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the primary methodology for evaluating buildings' environmental performance, the study identifies tools beyond LCA, including computational methods and circularity indicators, that can support the evaluation of circular design strategies. Our review highlights limitations in tools’ functionalities, including a lack of representative data for LCA and underdeveloped circularity indicators. The paper calls for further development of these tools in terms of interoperability aspects, integration of more sources of data for LCA and circularity, and possibilities for a comprehensive evaluation of design choices. Computational plugins offer greater flexibility, while BIM-LCA integrations have the potential to replace dedicated LCA software and spreadsheets. Additionally, the study identifies opportunities for novel digital methods, such as algorithms for circular design with various types of reused building elements, and sharing of digital twins and material passports. This research can inform future studies and support architects and engineers in their efforts to create a sustainable built environment. ReCreate project (Horizon 2020 grant no. 958200) QC 20231204

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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Resources Conservation and Recycling
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