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  • European Marine Science
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sarah Itoïz; Clara Mouronvalle; Clara Mouronvalle; Morgan Perennou; +10 Authors

    The parasitic species Perkinsus olseni (= atlanticus) (Perkinsea, Alveolata) infects a wide range of mollusc species and is responsible for mortality events and economic losses in the aquaculture industry and fisheries worldwide. Thus far, most studies conducted in this field have approached the problem from a “one parasite-one disease” perspective, notably with regards to commercially relevant clam species, while the impact of other Perkinsus species should also be considered as it could play a key role in the disease phenotype and dynamics. Co-infection of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki has already been sporadically described in Manila clam populations in Europe. Here, we describe for the first time the parasitic distribution of two Perkinsus species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in individual clam organs and in five different locations across Arcachon Bay (France), using simultaneous in situ detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) duplex methodology. We show that P. olseni single-infection largely dominated prevalence (46–84%) with high intensities of infection (7.2 to 8.5 log-nb of copies. g−1of wet tissue of Manila clam) depending on location, suggesting that infection is driven by the abiotic characteristics of stations and physiological states of the host. Conversely, single P. chesapeaki infections were observed in only two sampling stations, Ile aux Oiseaux and Gujan, with low prevalences 2 and 14%, respectively. Interestingly, the co-infection by both Perkinsus spp., ranging in prevalence from 12 to 34%, was distributed across four stations of Arcachon Bay, and was detected in one or two organs maximum. Within these co-infected organs, P. olseni largely dominated the global parasitic load. Hence, the co-infection dynamics between P. olseni and P. chesapeaki may rely on a facilitating role of P. olseni in developing a primary infection which in turn may help P. chesapeaki infect R. philippinarum as a reservoir for a preferred host. This ecological study demonstrates that the detection and quantification of both parasitic species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, is essential and timely in resolving cryptic infections and their consequences on individual hosts and clam populations.

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    Frontiers in Microbiology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Microbiology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jean-Marc Roussel; Stéphane Fraisse; Olivier Dézerald; Ophélie Fovet; +13 Authors

    The contribution of two basal energy sources – detrital organic matter and primary producers – as part of aquatic food webs varies typically along river continua. A host of barriers to river flow increase the water residence time and sediment and nutrient retention in reservoirs worldwide, and potentially alter the balance between detritus-based and algae-based energy pathways in the downstream food webs. We explored this issue on the Sélune River (Normandy, France), a small coastal stream that drains an agricultural catchment with high sediment runoff. Seasonal measurements of the following parameters were compared upstream and downstream of the reservoirs of two large dams (16 m and 36 m high): sediment fluxes, nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, algal communities in the epilithic biofilm (taxonomic composition, biomass and growth), and benthic invertebrate communities (abundance and trophic guild structure). As anticipated, annual sediment fluxes were much lower downstream of the reservoirs, where significant decreases in water turbidity, phosphate and silicate concentrations were recorded. A higher chlorophyll a concentration in water and a higher contribution of pelagic algae taxa to the photosynthetic biofilm suggested drifting and deposition of reservoir-borne phytoplankton downriver. Photosynthetic biofilm growth was higher downstream of the reservoirs in spring and fall, and so was the abundance of herbivores in the invertebrate community, notably scrapers and algae eaters. Energy pathways within riverine food webs were traced using stable isotope analyses of carbon (C) and nitrogen in the tissues of aquatic consumers (invertebrates and fish). Mixing models revealed a discontinuity in the origin of the C entering the food webs along the river continuum, confirming a greater contribution of algal C to aquatic consumers downstream of the reservoirs. These results illustrate mechanisms whereby large reservoirs can modulate C flow in food webs along a small coastal river with high sediment loads, and make it possible to anticipate the effects of dam removal on the future river ecosystem.

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    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ina M. Deutschmann; Erwan Delage; Caterina R. Giner; Marta Sebastián; +9 Authors

    Microbial interactions are vital in maintaining ocean ecosystem function, yet their dynamic nature and complexity remain largely unexplored. Here, we use association networks to investigate possible ecological interactions in the marine microbiome among archaea, bacteria, and picoeukaryotes throughout different depths and geographical regions of the tropical and subtropical global ocean. Our findings reveal that potential microbial interactions change with depth and geographical scale, exhibiting highly heterogeneous distributions. A few potential interactions were global, meaning they occurred across regions at the same depth, while 11-36% were regional within specific depths. The bathypelagic zone had the lowest proportion of global associations, and regional associations increased with depth. Moreover, we observed that most surface water associations do not persist in deeper ocean layers despite microbial vertical dispersal. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the tropical and subtropical global ocean interactome, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by global change Sampling was carried out thanks to the Consolider-Ingenio program (project Malaspina 2010 Expedition, ref. CSD2008–00077, to C.M.D.) and HOTMIX project (CTM2011-30010/MAR, to J.A.), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Science and Innovation. [...] I.M.D., R.L., and R.M. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 675752 (SINGEK, http://www.singek.eu). R.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2013-12554, MINECO, Spain). This work was also supported by the projects INTERACTOMICS (CTM2015-69936-P, MINECO, Spain), MicroEcoSystems (240904, RCN, Norway), and MINIME (PID2019-105775RB-I00, AEI, Spain) to R.L. S.C. was supported by the CNRS MITI through the interdisciplinary program Modélisation du Vivant (GOBITMAP grant). S.C., D.E., and S.G.A. were funded by the H2020 project AtlantECO (award number 862923). We acknowledge funding of the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation to the ICM-CSIC (CEX2019-000928-S) 17 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44550-y.-- Data availability: DNA sequence data is publicly available at the European Nucleotide Archive (see details in Table 2). The accession numbers for the different datasets are: MalaSurf (PRJEB23913, PRJEB25224), MalaVP (PRJEB23771, PRJEB45015), MalaDeep (PRJEB45011, PRJEB45014), Hotmix (PRJEB44683, PRJEB44474). OTU tables and source data to generate the figures and tables are provided in GitHub (https://github.com/InaMariaDeutschmann/GlobalNetworkMalaspinaHotmix) and Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1023007337. The following databases have been used: SILVA v13289, PR2 v4.11.190, and the World Ocean Database 201391.-- Code availability: The code for data analysis, including commands to run FlashWeave and EnDED (environmentally-driven-edge-detection and computing Jaccard index), is publicly available at GitHub (https://github.com/InaMariaDeutschmann/GlobalNetworkMalaspinaHotmix) and Zenodo37 Peer reviewed

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    Nature Communications
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    DIGITAL.CSIC
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      Nature Communications
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Léon, Morgane; van Beek, Pieter; Sanial, Virginie; Souhaut, Marc; +2 Authors

    International audience; Radium isotopes, other than 226Ra, and 227Ac are typically present at low activities in the open ocean. The analysis of these isotopes thus requires the collection of large volumes of seawater and high sensitivity, low background instruments. To obtain the required large volumes (hundreds to thousands of liters), these radionuclides are typically preconcentrated on cartridge-style filters impregnated with MnO2 (Mn-cartridges) deployed on in-situ pumps. This technique, however, requires the determination of the extraction efficiency of the Mn-cartridges for the radionuclides of interest. For Ra isotopes, we used two methods to estimate the extraction efficiency of these Mn-cartridges at two stations on the South-West Indian Ridge in the Southern Ocean (GEOTRACES GS02). Method (1) compares the 226Ra activities recovered on the Mn-cartridges versus the activities determined in Mn-fibers, through which seawater was passed at a flow rate < 1 L min−1 to quantitatively sorb Ra (Mn-fiber method) while method (2) combines the 226Ra activities determined from two Mn-cartridges placed in series on in-situ pumps (A-B method). The second method is also applied to determine the 227Ac extraction efficiency. We find a relatively wide-range of Ra and 227Ac extraction efficiencies across the dataset (from 44.8% to 99.6% for Ra, and from 23.7% to 77.5% for 227Ac). Overall, the yield of 227Ac extraction is lower than that of Ra (mean value of 49.3 ± 19.0% for 227Ac, n = 10, mean value of 79.2 ± 10.3% for Ra, n = 13, using the Mn-fiber method; and a mean value of 63.9 ± 12.5%, n = 11 using the A-B method). Our dataset suggests that the Ra extraction efficiencies using either the A-B method or the Mn-fiber method are in relatively good agreement. Consequently, the 223Raex, 224Raex and 228Ra activities determined from the Mn-cartridges by applying the two Ra extraction yields are similar. We also show that the 227Ac extraction efficiency can be estimated from the Ra extraction efficiency allowing the use of a single Mn-cartridge. Finally, we recommend to determine the Ra and 227Ac extraction efficiencies in each individual Mn-cartridge, rather than applying a single extraction efficiency to all the Mn-cartridges, since a significant variability in the extraction efficiencies was observed between the different Mn-cartridges.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Chemistryarrow_drop_down
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    Marine Chemistry
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Chemistryarrow_drop_down
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      Marine Chemistry
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Richon, Camille; Wagner, Charlotte; Sunderland, Elsie, M; Ayata, Sakina-Dorothée; +1 Authors

    International audience; Anthropogenic impacts on zooplankton at the surface ocean pose an urgent challenge because these keystone species are crucial for oceanic processes. Some anthropogenic stressors for zooplankton have been identified, such as acidification due to climate change, but a multitude of other stressors exist, and the combination of these may lead to unknown impacts. We utilized global biogeochemical models to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of zooplankton stress factors, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, prey quantity, food quality, and contaminants. We highlighted regional hotspots where multiple stress factors overlap and revealed that most stress factors are increasing. By linking stress factors to zooplankton distribution, we introduced a zooplankton vulnerability index. We found that the zooplankton vulnerability index has doubled in 50 years, and this suggests that zooplankton populations are increasingly at risk from anthropogenic stressors. Further research is needed to develop strategies for mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on zooplankton.

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  • Authors: Artaud, Hélène;

    Le 12 janvier 2023, à l'amphithéâtre de la Grande Galerie de l'Évolution (MNHN), un colloque a réuni une quinzaine de chercheurs, scientifiques et artistes autour d'une thématique qui mobilise de plus en plus l'attention du public et s'inscrit dans le champ particulièrement vivace ces dernières décennies des relations entre arts et écologie. Cette journée entendait répondre à deux questions principales : la première interrogeait la pertinence de maintenir des séparations disciplinaires héritées des Modernes dans un monde soumis à l'effondrement et se demandait si la place de plus en plus importante conférée à l'art dans les débats écologiques n'était pas l'indice que les limites de ce grand partage avaient été atteintes. La seconde question portait sur l'originalité de l'objet océanique pour penser et se saisir de ces mondes abîmés.

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    Authors: L. Penazzi; S. Blanco; C. Caliot; C. Coustet; +5 Authors

    International audience; Reformulating linear physics using second kind Fredholm equations is very standard practice. One of the straightforward consequences is that the resulting integrals can be expanded (when the Neumann expansion converges) and probabilized, leading to path statistics and Monte Carlo estimations. An essential feature of these algorithms is that they also allow to estimate propagators for all types of sources, including initial conditions. The resulting practice is a single Monte Carlo run, for one given set of sources, producing propagators that can later be used with any other set of sources for fast simulations, typically as parts of optimization, inversion, sensitivity analysis and command control algorithms. The present paper illustrates how this practice can be extended to problems involving several interacting physics, provided that their coupling is only at the boundary of the system or at interfaces between sub-parts, and may itself be given the form of a second kind Fredholm equation. A full practical implementation is described as part of the Stardis code, with the example of transfering heat via the coupling of radiation, reaction-diffusion and convection as typically expected in the multidisciplinary context of urban climate modeling. Besides, we show how recent advances in computer graphics indicate that these algorithms can be made numerically extremely efficient when facing large CAD geometries: computing the propagator becomes strictly independent of the geometry refinement, i.e. is identical whatever the number of triangles and tetraedra used to numerize the surface and volume descriptions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of propagator computations that remains practical for coupled physics in large CAD geometries.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Computer Physics Com...arrow_drop_down
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    Computer Physics Communications
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Computer Physics Com...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Computer Physics Communications
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mélissa Hanafi-Portier; Sarah Samadi; Laure Corbari; Marion Boulard; +6 Authors

    Seamounts are vulnerable ecosystems targeted by fishing and potentially by future mineral exploitation. Their abundance, widespread distribution, and heterogeneity of faunal and abiotic components require integrated studies at multiscale to describe spatial patterns and identify environmental drivers needed by conservation plans. There is also a lack of knowledge on seamount benthic ecosystems in some regions, such as the Indian Ocean. These gaps, in the context of Marine Protected Areas establishment in the region, have motivated the present study focusing on the Mozambique Channel Eparses islands and flat top seamounts, along a 10-degree latitude gradient. These structures are characterized by complex volcanic and carbonate geomorphologies at multiscale and are distributed along a highly dynamic turbulent ocean circulation area with large anticyclonic eddies. For the first time, we analysed, from seabed image transects obtained by towed-camera on four seamounts, and two volcanic islands - Bassas da India and Mayotte - external slopes, and from multiscale environmental data, how benthic communities respond to this high habitat heterogeneity at regional, and local scales. This study reveals high discrepancies of benthic megafauna richness, density, and beta diversity between seamounts and between slopes of the same islands. Moreover, at similar latitude, seamounts display higher densities than island slopes. The highest densities found on a seamount of the Glorieuses archipelago are explained by strong currents and flat homogeneous geomorphology. Except on this seamount, the beta diversity is high, despite the quite limited depth range explored (84–734 m) and is the highest on island slopes and Hall Bank, driven by the diversity and hardness of the substrate. Beta diversity is mainly due to taxa turnover, with high contribution of the habitat-forming sponges and cnidarians, together with a few mobile taxa. We identified from biogeographic network analysis 12 dominant faunal assemblages, displaying a patchy distribution, with variability in composition both between and within sites. Currents and primary productivity explain ∼15% of the observed assemblage structure along the channel, while geomorphology (km scale), topography (60–500 m scale) and substrate (60-m units) explain together 24% of the faunal spatial patterns. Analysis of spatial structures along island slopes detected some small (100–200 m), medium (∼1 km) and large scale (∼2–6 km) megabenthic community structures, partly explained by topography, substrate, depth, and slope. Despite limited taxonomic identifications for this poorly sampled area, this study reveals an outstanding heterogeneity of megabenthic assemblages at multispatial scales in the Mozambique Channel seamounts and island slopes, in response to the complex hydrography and geology of the area. Further characterization of environmental drivers with greater focus at local scales including hydrographic variables are therefore needed to improve predictions of suitable habitats of vulnerable marine ecosystems.

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    Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kalliopi Violaki; Javier Castro-Jiménez; Athanasios Nenes; Richard Sempere; +1 Authors

    International audience; We studied the co-occurrence of OPEs and other constituents in atmospheric particles at the two edges of the Mediterranean Sea, under the influence of the transport of polluted air from Europe and dust from the Sahara. The highest OPE concentrations were observed during the summer period in the East Mediterranean and in spring for the NW Mediterranean. The total average atmospheric concentration of Σ6OPEs in the NW Mediterranean was 2103 ± 2020 pg m−3 (n = 23) with EHDPP and TCPP to be the predominant OPEs, accounting on average for 46% and 37% of the total Ʃ6OPEs concentrations, respectively. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in East Mediterranean was 156.4 ± 170.3 pg m−3 (n = 67) with TCPP showing the highest concentration (116.1 ± 92.8 pg m−3), followed by TCEP (67.5 ± 55.8 pg m−3). In both areas, OPEs were mostly associated with fossil fuel combustion and road traffic, while the air masses from Saharan desert influenced the concentration of EHDPP, TCEP in NW Mediterranean and the TCEP concentration levels in the East Mediterranean. The total annual deposition of reported OPEs to the Mediterranean basin was estimated to be 584 tonnes, accounting for about 8.5% of the total deposited anthropogenic phosphorus.

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    Chemosphere
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Chemosphere
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    Authors: Arnone, Veronica; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; González-Dávila, Melchor; Sarthou, Geraldine; +4 Authors

    The Fram Strait represents the major gateway of Arctic Ocean waters towards the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and is a key region to study the impact of climate change on biogeochemical cycles. In the region, information about trace metal speciation, such as copper, is scarce. This manuscript presents the concentrations and conditional stability constants of copper-binding ligands (LCu and log KcondCu2+L) in the water column of Fram Strait and the Greenland shelf (GEOTRACES cruise GN05). Cu-binding ligands were analysed by Competitive Ligand Exchange-Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) using salicylaldoxime (SA) as competitive ligand. Based on water masses and the hydrodynamic influences, three provinces were considered (coast, shelf, and Fram Strait) and differences were observed between regions and water masses. The strongest variability was observed in surface waters, with increasing LCu concentrations (mean values: Fram Strait = 2.6 ± 1.0 nM; shelf = 5.2 ± 1.3 nM; coast = 6.4 ± 0.8 nM) and decreasing log KcondCu2+L values (mean values: Fram Strait = 15.7 ± 0.3; shelf = 15.2 ± 0.3; coast = 14.8 ± 0.3) towards the west. The surface LCu concentrations obtained above the Greenland shelf indicate a supply from the coastal environment to the Polar Surface Water (PSW) which is an addition to the ligand exported from the central Arctic to Fram Strait. The significant differences (in terms of LCu and log KcondCu2+L) between shelf and coastal samples were explained considering the processes which modify ligand concentrations and binding strengths, such as biological activity in sea-ice, phytoplankton bloom in surface waters, bacterial degradation, and meltwater discharge from 79NG glacier terminus. Overall, the ligand concentration exceeded those of dissolved Cu (dCu) and kept the free copper (Cu2+) concentrations at femtomolar levels (0.13–21.13 fM). This indicates that Cu2+ toxicity limits were not reached and dCu levels were stabilized in surface waters by organic complexes, which favoured its transport to the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and the development of microorganism. The authors would like to thank captain Schwarze and his crew of the RV Polarstern, the chief scientist Torsten Kanzow and all other participants, for their effort and support during sample collection. We also acknowledge the financial support for the ATOPFe project (CTM2017-83476-P) from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain). VA participation was funded by the PhD grant (PRE 2018-084476). AGG participation was partially funded by LabexMER International Postdoctoral Program for providing fellowship and Laboratoire d'Excellence LabexMer (ANR-10-LABX-19). PL also thank the support from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain and University of Lleida (Beatriz Galindo Senior award number BG20/00104).

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sarah Itoïz; Clara Mouronvalle; Clara Mouronvalle; Morgan Perennou; +10 Authors

    The parasitic species Perkinsus olseni (= atlanticus) (Perkinsea, Alveolata) infects a wide range of mollusc species and is responsible for mortality events and economic losses in the aquaculture industry and fisheries worldwide. Thus far, most studies conducted in this field have approached the problem from a “one parasite-one disease” perspective, notably with regards to commercially relevant clam species, while the impact of other Perkinsus species should also be considered as it could play a key role in the disease phenotype and dynamics. Co-infection of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki has already been sporadically described in Manila clam populations in Europe. Here, we describe for the first time the parasitic distribution of two Perkinsus species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in individual clam organs and in five different locations across Arcachon Bay (France), using simultaneous in situ detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) duplex methodology. We show that P. olseni single-infection largely dominated prevalence (46–84%) with high intensities of infection (7.2 to 8.5 log-nb of copies. g−1of wet tissue of Manila clam) depending on location, suggesting that infection is driven by the abiotic characteristics of stations and physiological states of the host. Conversely, single P. chesapeaki infections were observed in only two sampling stations, Ile aux Oiseaux and Gujan, with low prevalences 2 and 14%, respectively. Interestingly, the co-infection by both Perkinsus spp., ranging in prevalence from 12 to 34%, was distributed across four stations of Arcachon Bay, and was detected in one or two organs maximum. Within these co-infected organs, P. olseni largely dominated the global parasitic load. Hence, the co-infection dynamics between P. olseni and P. chesapeaki may rely on a facilitating role of P. olseni in developing a primary infection which in turn may help P. chesapeaki infect R. philippinarum as a reservoir for a preferred host. This ecological study demonstrates that the detection and quantification of both parasitic species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, is essential and timely in resolving cryptic infections and their consequences on individual hosts and clam populations.

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    Frontiers in Microbiology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Microbiology
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    Authors: Jean-Marc Roussel; Stéphane Fraisse; Olivier Dézerald; Ophélie Fovet; +13 Authors

    The contribution of two basal energy sources – detrital organic matter and primary producers – as part of aquatic food webs varies typically along river continua. A host of barriers to river flow increase the water residence time and sediment and nutrient retention in reservoirs worldwide, and potentially alter the balance between detritus-based and algae-based energy pathways in the downstream food webs. We explored this issue on the Sélune River (Normandy, France), a small coastal stream that drains an agricultural catchment with high sediment runoff. Seasonal measurements of the following parameters were compared upstream and downstream of the reservoirs of two large dams (16 m and 36 m high): sediment fluxes, nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, algal communities in the epilithic biofilm (taxonomic composition, biomass and growth), and benthic invertebrate communities (abundance and trophic guild structure). As anticipated, annual sediment fluxes were much lower downstream of the reservoirs, where significant decreases in water turbidity, phosphate and silicate concentrations were recorded. A higher chlorophyll a concentration in water and a higher contribution of pelagic algae taxa to the photosynthetic biofilm suggested drifting and deposition of reservoir-borne phytoplankton downriver. Photosynthetic biofilm growth was higher downstream of the reservoirs in spring and fall, and so was the abundance of herbivores in the invertebrate community, notably scrapers and algae eaters. Energy pathways within riverine food webs were traced using stable isotope analyses of carbon (C) and nitrogen in the tissues of aquatic consumers (invertebrates and fish). Mixing models revealed a discontinuity in the origin of the C entering the food webs along the river continuum, confirming a greater contribution of algal C to aquatic consumers downstream of the reservoirs. These results illustrate mechanisms whereby large reservoirs can modulate C flow in food webs along a small coastal river with high sediment loads, and make it possible to anticipate the effects of dam removal on the future river ecosystem.

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    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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    Authors: Ina M. Deutschmann; Erwan Delage; Caterina R. Giner; Marta Sebastián; +9 Authors

    Microbial interactions are vital in maintaining ocean ecosystem function, yet their dynamic nature and complexity remain largely unexplored. Here, we use association networks to investigate possible ecological interactions in the marine microbiome among archaea, bacteria, and picoeukaryotes throughout different depths and geographical regions of the tropical and subtropical global ocean. Our findings reveal that potential microbial interactions change with depth and geographical scale, exhibiting highly heterogeneous distributions. A few potential interactions were global, meaning they occurred across regions at the same depth, while 11-36% were regional within specific depths. The bathypelagic zone had the lowest proportion of global associations, and regional associations increased with depth. Moreover, we observed that most surface water associations do not persist in deeper ocean layers despite microbial vertical dispersal. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the tropical and subtropical global ocean interactome, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by global change Sampling was carried out thanks to the Consolider-Ingenio program (project Malaspina 2010 Expedition, ref. CSD2008–00077, to C.M.D.) and HOTMIX project (CTM2011-30010/MAR, to J.A.), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Science and Innovation. [...] I.M.D., R.L., and R.M. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 675752 (SINGEK, http://www.singek.eu). R.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2013-12554, MINECO, Spain). This work was also supported by the projects INTERACTOMICS (CTM2015-69936-P, MINECO, Spain), MicroEcoSystems (240904, RCN, Norway), and MINIME (PID2019-105775RB-I00, AEI, Spain) to R.L. S.C. was supported by the CNRS MITI through the interdisciplinary program Modélisation du Vivant (GOBITMAP grant). S.C., D.E., and S.G.A. were funded by the H2020 project AtlantECO (award number 862923). We acknowledge funding of the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation to the ICM-CSIC (CEX2019-000928-S) 17 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44550-y.-- Data availability: DNA sequence data is publicly available at the European Nucleotide Archive (see details in Table 2). The accession numbers for the different datasets are: MalaSurf (PRJEB23913, PRJEB25224), MalaVP (PRJEB23771, PRJEB45015), MalaDeep (PRJEB45011, PRJEB45014), Hotmix (PRJEB44683, PRJEB44474). OTU tables and source data to generate the figures and tables are provided in GitHub (https://github.com/InaMariaDeutschmann/GlobalNetworkMalaspinaHotmix) and Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1023007337. The following databases have been used: SILVA v13289, PR2 v4.11.190, and the World Ocean Database 201391.-- Code availability: The code for data analysis, including commands to run FlashWeave and EnDED (environmentally-driven-edge-detection and computing Jaccard index), is publicly available at GitHub (https://github.com/InaMariaDeutschmann/GlobalNetworkMalaspinaHotmix) and Zenodo37 Peer reviewed

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    Nature Communications
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      Nature Communications
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Léon, Morgane; van Beek, Pieter; Sanial, Virginie; Souhaut, Marc; +2 Authors

    International audience; Radium isotopes, other than 226Ra, and 227Ac are typically present at low activities in the open ocean. The analysis of these isotopes thus requires the collection of large volumes of seawater and high sensitivity, low background instruments. To obtain the required large volumes (hundreds to thousands of liters), these radionuclides are typically preconcentrated on cartridge-style filters impregnated with MnO2 (Mn-cartridges) deployed on in-situ pumps. This technique, however, requires the determination of the extraction efficiency of the Mn-cartridges for the radionuclides of interest. For Ra isotopes, we used two methods to estimate the extraction efficiency of these Mn-cartridges at two stations on the South-West Indian Ridge in the Southern Ocean (GEOTRACES GS02). Method (1) compares the 226Ra activities recovered on the Mn-cartridges versus the activities determined in Mn-fibers, through which seawater was passed at a flow rate < 1 L min−1 to quantitatively sorb Ra (Mn-fiber method) while method (2) combines the 226Ra activities determined from two Mn-cartridges placed in series on in-situ pumps (A-B method). The second method is also applied to determine the 227Ac extraction efficiency. We find a relatively wide-range of Ra and 227Ac extraction efficiencies across the dataset (from 44.8% to 99.6% for Ra, and from 23.7% to 77.5% for 227Ac). Overall, the yield of 227Ac extraction is lower than that of Ra (mean value of 49.3 ± 19.0% for 227Ac, n = 10, mean value of 79.2 ± 10.3% for Ra, n = 13, using the Mn-fiber method; and a mean value of 63.9 ± 12.5%, n = 11 using the A-B method). Our dataset suggests that the Ra extraction efficiencies using either the A-B method or the Mn-fiber method are in relatively good agreement. Consequently, the 223Raex, 224Raex and 228Ra activities determined from the Mn-cartridges by applying the two Ra extraction yields are similar. We also show that the 227Ac extraction efficiency can be estimated from the Ra extraction efficiency allowing the use of a single Mn-cartridge. Finally, we recommend to determine the Ra and 227Ac extraction efficiencies in each individual Mn-cartridge, rather than applying a single extraction efficiency to all the Mn-cartridges, since a significant variability in the extraction efficiencies was observed between the different Mn-cartridges.

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    Marine Chemistry
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      Marine Chemistry
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    Authors: Richon, Camille; Wagner, Charlotte; Sunderland, Elsie, M; Ayata, Sakina-Dorothée; +1 Authors

    International audience; Anthropogenic impacts on zooplankton at the surface ocean pose an urgent challenge because these keystone species are crucial for oceanic processes. Some anthropogenic stressors for zooplankton have been identified, such as acidification due to climate change, but a multitude of other stressors exist, and the combination of these may lead to unknown impacts. We utilized global biogeochemical models to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of zooplankton stress factors, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, prey quantity, food quality, and contaminants. We highlighted regional hotspots where multiple stress factors overlap and revealed that most stress factors are increasing. By linking stress factors to zooplankton distribution, we introduced a zooplankton vulnerability index. We found that the zooplankton vulnerability index has doubled in 50 years, and this suggests that zooplankton populations are increasingly at risk from anthropogenic stressors. Further research is needed to develop strategies for mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on zooplankton.

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    One Earth
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  • Authors: Artaud, Hélène;

    Le 12 janvier 2023, à l'amphithéâtre de la Grande Galerie de l'Évolution (MNHN), un colloque a réuni une quinzaine de chercheurs, scientifiques et artistes autour d'une thématique qui mobilise de plus en plus l'attention du public et s'inscrit dans le champ particulièrement vivace ces dernières décennies des relations entre arts et écologie. Cette journée entendait répondre à deux questions principales : la première interrogeait la pertinence de maintenir des séparations disciplinaires héritées des Modernes dans un monde soumis à l'effondrement et se demandait si la place de plus en plus importante conférée à l'art dans les débats écologiques n'était pas l'indice que les limites de ce grand partage avaient été atteintes. La seconde question portait sur l'originalité de l'objet océanique pour penser et se saisir de ces mondes abîmés.

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    Authors: L. Penazzi; S. Blanco; C. Caliot; C. Coustet; +5 Authors

    International audience; Reformulating linear physics using second kind Fredholm equations is very standard practice. One of the straightforward consequences is that the resulting integrals can be expanded (when the Neumann expansion converges) and probabilized, leading to path statistics and Monte Carlo estimations. An essential feature of these algorithms is that they also allow to estimate propagators for all types of sources, including initial conditions. The resulting practice is a single Monte Carlo run, for one given set of sources, producing propagators that can later be used with any other set of sources for fast simulations, typically as parts of optimization, inversion, sensitivity analysis and command control algorithms. The present paper illustrates how this practice can be extended to problems involving several interacting physics, provided that their coupling is only at the boundary of the system or at interfaces between sub-parts, and may itself be given the form of a second kind Fredholm equation. A full practical implementation is described as part of the Stardis code, with the example of transfering heat via the coupling of radiation, reaction-diffusion and convection as typically expected in the multidisciplinary context of urban climate modeling. Besides, we show how recent advances in computer graphics indicate that these algorithms can be made numerically extremely efficient when facing large CAD geometries: computing the propagator becomes strictly independent of the geometry refinement, i.e. is identical whatever the number of triangles and tetraedra used to numerize the surface and volume descriptions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of propagator computations that remains practical for coupled physics in large CAD geometries.

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    Computer Physics Communications
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      Computer Physics Communications
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    Authors: Mélissa Hanafi-Portier; Sarah Samadi; Laure Corbari; Marion Boulard; +6 Authors

    Seamounts are vulnerable ecosystems targeted by fishing and potentially by future mineral exploitation. Their abundance, widespread distribution, and heterogeneity of faunal and abiotic components require integrated studies at multiscale to describe spatial patterns and identify environmental drivers needed by conservation plans. There is also a lack of knowledge on seamount benthic ecosystems in some regions, such as the Indian Ocean. These gaps, in the context of Marine Protected Areas establishment in the region, have motivated the present study focusing on the Mozambique Channel Eparses islands and flat top seamounts, along a 10-degree latitude gradient. These structures are characterized by complex volcanic and carbonate geomorphologies at multiscale and are distributed along a highly dynamic turbulent ocean circulation area with large anticyclonic eddies. For the first time, we analysed, from seabed image transects obtained by towed-camera on four seamounts, and two volcanic islands - Bassas da India and Mayotte - external slopes, and from multiscale environmental data, how benthic communities respond to this high habitat heterogeneity at regional, and local scales. This study reveals high discrepancies of benthic megafauna richness, density, and beta diversity between seamounts and between slopes of the same islands. Moreover, at similar latitude, seamounts display higher densities than island slopes. The highest densities found on a seamount of the Glorieuses archipelago are explained by strong currents and flat homogeneous geomorphology. Except on this seamount, the beta diversity is high, despite the quite limited depth range explored (84–734 m) and is the highest on island slopes and Hall Bank, driven by the diversity and hardness of the substrate. Beta diversity is mainly due to taxa turnover, with high contribution of the habitat-forming sponges and cnidarians, together with a few mobile taxa. We identified from biogeographic network analysis 12 dominant faunal assemblages, displaying a patchy distribution, with variability in composition both between and within sites. Currents and primary productivity explain ∼15% of the observed assemblage structure along the channel, while geomorphology (km scale), topography (60–500 m scale) and substrate (60-m units) explain together 24% of the faunal spatial patterns. Analysis of spatial structures along island slopes detected some small (100–200 m), medium (∼1 km) and large scale (∼2–6 km) megabenthic community structures, partly explained by topography, substrate, depth, and slope. Despite limited taxonomic identifications for this poorly sampled area, this study reveals an outstanding heterogeneity of megabenthic assemblages at multispatial scales in the Mozambique Channel seamounts and island slopes, in response to the complex hydrography and geology of the area. Further characterization of environmental drivers with greater focus at local scales including hydrographic variables are therefore needed to improve predictions of suitable habitats of vulnerable marine ecosystems.

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    Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers
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      Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers
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    Authors: Kalliopi Violaki; Javier Castro-Jiménez; Athanasios Nenes; Richard Sempere; +1 Authors

    International audience; We studied the co-occurrence of OPEs and other constituents in atmospheric particles at the two edges of the Mediterranean Sea, under the influence of the transport of polluted air from Europe and dust from the Sahara. The highest OPE concentrations were observed during the summer period in the East Mediterranean and in spring for the NW Mediterranean. The total average atmospheric concentration of Σ6OPEs in the NW Mediterranean was 2103 ± 2020 pg m−3 (n = 23) with EHDPP and TCPP to be the predominant OPEs, accounting on average for 46% and 37% of the total Ʃ6OPEs concentrations, respectively. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in East Mediterranean was 156.4 ± 170.3 pg m−3 (n = 67) with TCPP showing the highest concentration (116.1 ± 92.8 pg m−3), followed by TCEP (67.5 ± 55.8 pg m−3). In both areas, OPEs were mostly associated with fossil fuel combustion and road traffic, while the air masses from Saharan desert influenced the concentration of EHDPP, TCEP in NW Mediterranean and the TCEP concentration levels in the East Mediterranean. The total annual deposition of reported OPEs to the Mediterranean basin was estimated to be 584 tonnes, accounting for about 8.5% of the total deposited anthropogenic phosphorus.

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    Chemosphere
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Chemosphere
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Arnone, Veronica; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; González-Dávila, Melchor; Sarthou, Geraldine; +4 Authors

    The Fram Strait represents the major gateway of Arctic Ocean waters towards the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and is a key region to study the impact of climate change on biogeochemical cycles. In the region, information about trace metal speciation, such as copper, is scarce. This manuscript presents the concentrations and conditional stability constants of copper-binding ligands (LCu and log KcondCu2+L) in the water column of Fram Strait and the Greenland shelf (GEOTRACES cruise GN05). Cu-binding ligands were analysed by Competitive Ligand Exchange-Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) using salicylaldoxime (SA) as competitive ligand. Based on water masses and the hydrodynamic influences, three provinces were considered (coast, shelf, and Fram Strait) and differences were observed between regions and water masses. The strongest variability was observed in surface waters, with increasing LCu concentrations (mean values: Fram Strait = 2.6 ± 1.0 nM; shelf = 5.2 ± 1.3 nM; coast = 6.4 ± 0.8 nM) and decreasing log KcondCu2+L values (mean values: Fram Strait = 15.7 ± 0.3; shelf = 15.2 ± 0.3; coast = 14.8 ± 0.3) towards the west. The surface LCu concentrations obtained above the Greenland shelf indicate a supply from the coastal environment to the Polar Surface Water (PSW) which is an addition to the ligand exported from the central Arctic to Fram Strait. The significant differences (in terms of LCu and log KcondCu2+L) between shelf and coastal samples were explained considering the processes which modify ligand concentrations and binding strengths, such as biological activity in sea-ice, phytoplankton bloom in surface waters, bacterial degradation, and meltwater discharge from 79NG glacier terminus. Overall, the ligand concentration exceeded those of dissolved Cu (dCu) and kept the free copper (Cu2+) concentrations at femtomolar levels (0.13–21.13 fM). This indicates that Cu2+ toxicity limits were not reached and dCu levels were stabilized in surface waters by organic complexes, which favoured its transport to the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and the development of microorganism. The authors would like to thank captain Schwarze and his crew of the RV Polarstern, the chief scientist Torsten Kanzow and all other participants, for their effort and support during sample collection. We also acknowledge the financial support for the ATOPFe project (CTM2017-83476-P) from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain). VA participation was funded by the PhD grant (PRE 2018-084476). AGG participation was partially funded by LabexMER International Postdoctoral Program for providing fellowship and Laboratoire d'Excellence LabexMer (ANR-10-LABX-19). PL also thank the support from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain and University of Lleida (Beatriz Galindo Senior award number BG20/00104).

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