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  • NEANIAS Atmospheric Research Community
  • 2017-2021
  • Doctoral thesis

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arkant, Ceren;

    Hava kirliliği, iç ya da dış ortamın kimyasal, fiziksel veya biyolojik bir ajan tarafından kontamine edilerek atmosferin doğal yapısının bozulmasıdır. Hava kirliliği, sağlık açısından en büyük çevresel riski oluşturmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma olgu kontrol çalışmasıdır. Edirne merkez ilçe ve Keşan ilçesinde 2016 yılında gerçekleşen doğumlar, olumsuz perinatal sonuç olarak tanımlanan düşük doğum ağırlığı, preterm doğum ve ölü doğum olma açısından hava kalitesi izleme istasyonlarından elde edilen PM10 ve SO2 kirletici değerleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 206 olgu ve 427 kontrol olmak üzere 633 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular: Keşan'da ikamet etmek, Edirne'de ikamet etmeye göre perinatal sonuçlar açısından 1,6 kat (%95 GA (1,086-2,401)) ve preterm olma açısından 1,6 kat (%95 GA (1,061-2,442)) risklidir.Anahtar kelimeler: Hava kirliliği, Edirne, Keşan, Perinatal sonuç, SO2, PM10 Air pollution is defined as detoriation of the natural composition of the atmosphere by contamination of indoor or outdoor air by either chemical, physical or biological agent. Air pollution is the most important environmental risk factor for health. Material and Method: The type of this study is case control. The births that took place in 2016 in Edirne and Keşan provinces have been compared using PM10 and SO2 values according to low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth conditions which are defined as poor perinatal outcomes. This study has reached 206 cases and 427 controls and as a whole 633 participants. Results: Residing in Keşan compared to residing in Edirne is 1.6 times more risky in terms of perinatal outcomes (95% CI (1,086-2,401)) and preterm being(95% CI (1,061-2,442)).Keywords: Air pollution, Edirne, Keşan, Perinatal outcome, SO2, PM10 60

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    Authors: Hubeau, Michiel;
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    Authors: Borruel Abadía, Violeta;

    El objetivo principal de esta tesis es abordar desde un punto de vista multidisciplinar, y por primera vez en el oeste de Europa, la crisis ambiental ocurrida durante el final del Smithiense y principios del Spathiense (Olenekiense, Triásico Inferior). Dicha crisis ha sido observada tanto en medios continentales como marinos en todo el planeta, pero hasta fechas recientes había quedado enmascarada por una crisis anterior más severa acaecida durante el límite Pérmico-Triásico (P-T), de la cual está separada por sólo por 3 m.a. Ambas crisis están interconectadas, ya que la del P-T estuvo desencadenada por una intensa actividad volcánica de las Trampas Siberianas, y la del Smithiense-Spathiense (S-S) se relaciona con un repunte del mismo vulcanismo. Aunque dicha crisis causó una menor mortalidad en las especies en continentes y océanos que la sucedida en el P-T, provocó una interrupción en la tendencia de recuperación de esta última, retardando con ello la aparición de la nueva fauna y flora tras la crisis P-T. El estudio detallado en esta memoria se ha realizado en medios continentales, concretamente en la Cordillera Ibérica, extendiéndose posteriormente a la Cordillera Costero Catalana y a las islas de Menorca y Cerdeña, con el fin de conocer si las alteraciones ambientales fueron similares en otras cuencas. La forma de afrontarlo ha sido desde diferentes disciplinas, donde se incluyen estudios de mineralogía, sedimentología, paleosuelos, bioturbación, paleoflora y climas. El método seguido ha consistido en proporcionar un marco paleoambiental y, posteriormente, canalizar los cambios principales de éste mediante el estudio de las variaciones mineralógicas, concretamente en la concentración de minerales fosfato-sulfatos alumínicos (minerales APS) ricos en estroncio, que potencialmente pueden servir como indicadores del pH existente en el momento de su precipitación, ya que para ello requieren unas condiciones ácidas. Los datos texturales obtenidos en la zona de estudio indican que las fases minerales se formaron durante la diagénesis temprana, antes de la compactación de los sedimentos, lo que ha permitido inferir que precipitaron en contacto con aguas meteóricas ácidas, y por tanto, que las variaciones en su concentración pueden utilizarse para conocer la duración e intensidad de las condiciones de acidez en el medio...

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    E-Prints Complutense
    Doctoral thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
    Doctoral thesis . Peer-reviewed
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      E-Prints Complutense
      Doctoral thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hepkema, Tjebbe Marten;

    When tidal currents flow over the sandy bottom of a tidal channel, patterns emerge in the sand. These patterns grow into large tidal bars which are essential for plants and animals but hamper marine traffic. In this thesis we study the interaction between the tides and the bottom. The tides influence the transport of sediments and the patterns in the bottom influence the tides. First, we study the effect of tidal flats along a tidal channel on the characteristics of the tide in the channel. Subsequently, we analyze the initial formation of tidal bars. Hereby, we first solve an inconsistency in the literature about the question if the tidal bar length depends on the channel width. Secondly, we show the influence of the latitude of the channel to the initial formation of tidal bars. Lastly, we study by means of a numerical model how the initial bottom patterns evolve to matured tidal bars.

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    https://doi.org/10.33540/383...
    Thesis . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      https://doi.org/10.33540/383...
      Thesis . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Boubrima, Ahmed;

    Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in environmental applications where the aim is to sense a physical phenomenon such as temperature, humidity, air pollution, etc. In this context of application, the use of WSN allows to understand the variations of the phenomenon over the monitoring region and therefore be able to take adequate decisions regarding the impact of the phenomenon. Due to the limitations of its traditional costly monitoring methods in addition to its high spatial and temporal variability, air pollution is considered as one of the main physical phenomena that still need to be studied and characterized. In this thesis, we consider three main applications regarding the use of WSN for air pollution monitoring: 1) the construction of real time air quality maps using sensor measurements; 2) the detection of pollution threshold crossings; and 3) the correction of physical models that simulate the pollution dispersion phenomenon. All these applications need careful deployment and scheduling of sensors in order to get a better knowledge of air pollution while ensuring a minimal deployment cost and a maximal lifetime of the deployed sensor network. Our aim is to tackle the problems of WSN deployment and scheduling while considering the specific characteristics of the air pollution phenomenon. We propose for each application case a new efficient approach for the deployment of sensor and sink nodes. We also propose a WSN scheduling approach that is adapted to the case of physical models’ correction. Our optimization approaches take into account the physical nature of air pollution dispersion and incorporate real data provided by the existing pollution sensing platforms. As part of each approach, we use integer linear programming to derive optimization models that are well adapted to solving small and medium instances. To deal with large instances, we propose heuristic algorithms while using linear relaxation techniques. Besides our theoretical works on air pollution monitoring, we design from scratch and deploy in the Lyon city a cost-effective energy-efficient air pollution sensor network. Based on the characteristics of our monitoring system in addition to real world air pollution datasets, we evaluate the effectiveness of our deployment and scheduling approaches and provide engineering insights for the design of WSN-based air pollution monitoring systems. Among our conclusions, we highlight the fact that the size of the optimal sensor network depends on the degree of the variations of pollution concentrations within the monitoring region.; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) sont largement utilisés dans les applications environnementales où l’objectif est de détecter un phénomène physique tel que la température, l’humidité, la pollution de l’air, etc. Dans ce contexte d’application, l’utilisation de RCSF permet de comprendre les variations du phénomène et donc être en mesure de prendre des décisions appropriées concernant son impact. En raison des limitations de ses méthodes de suivi traditionnelles et de sa grande variabilité spatiale et temporelle, la pollution de l'air est considérée comme l'un des principaux phénomènes physiques qui restent à étudier et à caractériser. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons trois applications concernant l’utilisation de RCSF pour le suivi de la pollution de l’air : la cartographie en temps réel de la qualité de l’air, la détection de dépassements de seuils des polluants et la correction de modèles physiques qui simulent le phénomène de dispersion de la pollution. Toutes ces applications nécessitent de déployer et d’ordonnancer minutieusement les capteurs afin de mieux comprendre la pollution atmosphérique tout en garantissant un coût de déploiement minimal et en maximisant la durée de vie du réseau. Notre objectif est de résoudre les problèmes de déploiement et d'ordonnancement tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques spécifiques du phénomène de la pollution de l’air. Nous proposons pour chaque cas d'application une approche efficace pour le déploiement de noeuds capteurs et puits. Nous proposons également une approche d’ordonnancement adaptée au cas de la correction de modèles physiques. Nos approches d'optimisation prennent en compte la nature physique de la pollution atmosphérique et intègrent les données réelles fournies par les plateformes existantes de suivi de la qualité de l’air. Dans chacune de nos approches d’optimisation, nous utilisons la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers pour concevoir des modèles d’optimisation adaptés à la résolution de petites et moyennes instances. Pour traiter les grandes instances, nous proposons des heuristiques en utilisant des techniques de relaxation linéaire. Outre nos travaux théoriques sur le suivi de la pollution atmosphérique, nous avons conçu et déployé dans la ville de Lyon un réseau de capteurs de pollution économe en énergie. Sur la base des caractéristiques de notre système et des jeux de données de la pollution atmosphérique, nous avons évalué l’efficacité de nos approches de déploiement et d’ordonnancement. Nous présentons et discutons dans cette thèse les résultats d'évaluation de performances ainsi que des lignes directrices pour la conception de systèmes de suivi de la pollution de l’air. Parmi nos principales conclusions, nous soulignons le fait que la taille optimale du réseau de capteurs dépend du degré de variation des concentrations de pollution dans la région de déploiement.

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    THESIS ABSTRACT research

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    Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
    Data sources: Datacite
    DOAJ
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Data sources: Crossref
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
      ETH Zürich Research Collection
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
      Data sources: Datacite
      DOAJ
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: Lubczyńska, Małgorzata Joanna, 1984-;

    La contaminación del aire es un problema importante de salud pública que provoca morbilidad y mortalidad prematura en todo el mundo. En los últimos años, la exposición a la contaminación del aire también se ha relacionado con enfermedades neurológicas y neuropsicológicas, siendo los fetos y niños identificados como algunas de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Sin embargo, la evidencia es todavía demasiado limitada para extraer conclusiones definitivas. El objetivo de esta tesis fue completar algunas de las lagunas de conocimiento existentes sobre las relaciones entre la exposición durante la vida fetal y la infancia a diversos contaminantes del aire en áreas urbanas, con alteraciones neurológicas y neuropsicológicas en niños. Para este objetivo, utilizamos los datos de contaminación del aire recogidos dentro de proyectos ESCAPE, TRANSPHORM, y MUSiC, y nuestra población de estudio consistió en niños de varias cohortes de nacimientos europeos, con datos disponibles sobre el resultado de salud de interés, así como en aspectos socioeconómicos y las características de estilo de vida de los niños y sus padres. Nuestros resultados reforzaron la noción de que la exposición a la contaminación del aire en los primeros años de vida es perjudicial para el desarrollo neurológico de los niños. Air pollution is a major public health concern, leading to worldwide morbidity and premature mortality. In the recent years, exposure to air pollution has also been linked to neurological and neuropsychological diseases, with fetuses and children identified as some of the most vulnerable populations. However, the evidence to date is still too limited to draw definitive conclusions. This thesis aimed to fill some of the existing knowledge gaps regarding the associations between fetal and childhood exposure to various air pollutants ubiquitous in urban areas, with neurological and neuropsychological alterations in children. To this aim, we used air pollution data collected within ESCAPE, TRANSPHORM, and MUSiC projects, and our study population consisted of children from various European prospective birth cohorts, with data available on the outcome of interest, as well as on child and parental socioeconomic, and life-style characteristics. Our results reinforced the notion that exposure to air pollution in the early years of life is harmful for children’s neurodevelopment. Programa de doctorat en Biomedicina

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    Authors: Odintcova, Tatiana;

    This thesis deals with the development of frequency-stabilized laser absorption spectrometers in the near-infrared to perform precision measurements on molecular spectra of atmospheric interest, such as acetylene and carbon dioxide. Two novel schemes have been implemented: the former is based on a pair of phase-locked diode lasers, one of them being a reference oscillator at 1.4 micron; the latter makes use of a self-referenced optical frequency comb synthesizer. In the second apparatus, a diode laser at a wavelength of 2 micron is frequency locked to the nearest tooth of the comb. In both cases, an absolute frequency scale is produced underneath any absorption spectrum. Line intensity factors and line widths have been determined with unprecedented accuracy. For carbon dioxide, our measurements give an important experimental test of ab-initio calculations, which have been recently performed at University College London by Jonathan Tennyson and coworkers. [edited by author] 2015 - 2016 XXIX n.s.

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    https://doi.org/10.14273/unisa...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://doi.org/10.14273/unisa...
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Shapkalijevski, M.M.;

    This thesis deals with the representation of the exchange of energy, momentum and chemically reactive compounds between the land, covered by high vegetation, and the lowest part of the atmosphere, named as atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The study presented in this thesis introduces the roughness sublayer (RSL), the layer just above the tall vegetation canopy in which the atmospheric flow is directly affected by the presence of roughness elements, as an important part of the ABL system. Our focus is on the exchange of the thermodynamic, as well as the chemical properties of the boundary layer. Our methodology combines observational analysis using high resolution meteorological and chemistry measurements from the Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (CHATS) and modelling framework of the soil-vegetation-atmospheric boundary layer system. The systematic investigation in this thesis showed the relevance of the RSL for the turbulent exchange processes between the atmosphere and the land surface characterized by high vegetation. More specifically, we explained and discussed how the turbulence parameterization within the roughness sublayer is strongly dependent on canopy-phenology (canopy leaf state) and atmospheric-stability changes, and provided parameterization formulations for . Our modelling analysis further showed that the CHATS boundary-layer dynamics are mainly affected and controlled by the large-scale processes (advection and subsidence), while the effect of the canopy and the roughness sublayer were relatively small. Near the canopy top however, the the canopy had a significant impact on the modelled boundary layer state variables (wind speed, potential temperature and specific humidity) and the corresponding turbulent transfer coefficients (drag coefficients for momentum and scalars), as supported by the observations. With respect to the exchange of reactive compounds, we diagnosed twice-larger magnitude of the ozone deposition fluxes when the roughness sublayer effects are taken into account in the flux-gradient relationship, compared to the method which neglects these effects. Thus, neglecting the roughness sublayer effects in the surface flux parameterization schemes of ozone in atmosphere-chemistry models can lead to significant overestimation of the ozone diurnal mixing ratio in the boundary layer. By studying the high vegetation-atmosphere exchange processes, their quantification, and testing methods for their parameterization, we contribute to improve our understanding and representation of the roughness sublayer-atmospheric boundary-layer system.

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    Research@WUR; NARCIS
    Other literature type . Doctoral thesis . Thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Doctoral thesis . Thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Cunningham, Maxwell;

    One of the profound realizations in Earth science during the last several decades has been that the solid earth and climate system interact through mountain belt evolution. Tectonic forces generate topography, and erosion, driven largely by the climate, destroys topography. Perturbations to the competition between these processes may, for example, have driven the transition from greenhouse to icehouse climate during the Cenozoic. Erosion is the ultimate connection between the climate and solid earth system, and because landscapes are shaped by erosion, they hold in their form information about climatic and tectonic forcings. Reading climatic and tectonic processes from the landscape requires an understanding of how these processes drive erosion. One way that climate influences erosion is by setting the elevation at which glaciation occurs. It has been thought for over a century that erosion by glaciers can limit the height of cold, heavily glaciated mountains. In this thesis, I argue that the prevalence of this phenomenon is underappreciated, and that glacial erosion has imposed an upper limit on the growth of warm, tropical mountains. The argument is premised on a combination of field observations from two (sub)tropical mountain ranges in Costa Rica and Taiwan (including 10Be and 3He surface exposure ages), a new method of topographic analysis that identifies previously unrecognized patterns of landscape rearrangement introduced by high elevation glaciation, and a study of ten tropical mountain ranges that reveals a widespread glacial control on their height. The results of this thesis demonstrate the efficacy of glacial erosion even in the warmest mountains, and challenge the hypothesis that quickly uplifting and eroding landscapes have approached a steady state balance between rock uplift and fluvial erosion during the Pleistocene.

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    Authors: Arkant, Ceren;

    Hava kirliliği, iç ya da dış ortamın kimyasal, fiziksel veya biyolojik bir ajan tarafından kontamine edilerek atmosferin doğal yapısının bozulmasıdır. Hava kirliliği, sağlık açısından en büyük çevresel riski oluşturmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma olgu kontrol çalışmasıdır. Edirne merkez ilçe ve Keşan ilçesinde 2016 yılında gerçekleşen doğumlar, olumsuz perinatal sonuç olarak tanımlanan düşük doğum ağırlığı, preterm doğum ve ölü doğum olma açısından hava kalitesi izleme istasyonlarından elde edilen PM10 ve SO2 kirletici değerleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 206 olgu ve 427 kontrol olmak üzere 633 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular: Keşan'da ikamet etmek, Edirne'de ikamet etmeye göre perinatal sonuçlar açısından 1,6 kat (%95 GA (1,086-2,401)) ve preterm olma açısından 1,6 kat (%95 GA (1,061-2,442)) risklidir.Anahtar kelimeler: Hava kirliliği, Edirne, Keşan, Perinatal sonuç, SO2, PM10 Air pollution is defined as detoriation of the natural composition of the atmosphere by contamination of indoor or outdoor air by either chemical, physical or biological agent. Air pollution is the most important environmental risk factor for health. Material and Method: The type of this study is case control. The births that took place in 2016 in Edirne and Keşan provinces have been compared using PM10 and SO2 values according to low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth conditions which are defined as poor perinatal outcomes. This study has reached 206 cases and 427 controls and as a whole 633 participants. Results: Residing in Keşan compared to residing in Edirne is 1.6 times more risky in terms of perinatal outcomes (95% CI (1,086-2,401)) and preterm being(95% CI (1,061-2,442)).Keywords: Air pollution, Edirne, Keşan, Perinatal outcome, SO2, PM10 60

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    Authors: Hubeau, Michiel;
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    Authors: Borruel Abadía, Violeta;

    El objetivo principal de esta tesis es abordar desde un punto de vista multidisciplinar, y por primera vez en el oeste de Europa, la crisis ambiental ocurrida durante el final del Smithiense y principios del Spathiense (Olenekiense, Triásico Inferior). Dicha crisis ha sido observada tanto en medios continentales como marinos en todo el planeta, pero hasta fechas recientes había quedado enmascarada por una crisis anterior más severa acaecida durante el límite Pérmico-Triásico (P-T), de la cual está separada por sólo por 3 m.a. Ambas crisis están interconectadas, ya que la del P-T estuvo desencadenada por una intensa actividad volcánica de las Trampas Siberianas, y la del Smithiense-Spathiense (S-S) se relaciona con un repunte del mismo vulcanismo. Aunque dicha crisis causó una menor mortalidad en las especies en continentes y océanos que la sucedida en el P-T, provocó una interrupción en la tendencia de recuperación de esta última, retardando con ello la aparición de la nueva fauna y flora tras la crisis P-T. El estudio detallado en esta memoria se ha realizado en medios continentales, concretamente en la Cordillera Ibérica, extendiéndose posteriormente a la Cordillera Costero Catalana y a las islas de Menorca y Cerdeña, con el fin de conocer si las alteraciones ambientales fueron similares en otras cuencas. La forma de afrontarlo ha sido desde diferentes disciplinas, donde se incluyen estudios de mineralogía, sedimentología, paleosuelos, bioturbación, paleoflora y climas. El método seguido ha consistido en proporcionar un marco paleoambiental y, posteriormente, canalizar los cambios principales de éste mediante el estudio de las variaciones mineralógicas, concretamente en la concentración de minerales fosfato-sulfatos alumínicos (minerales APS) ricos en estroncio, que potencialmente pueden servir como indicadores del pH existente en el momento de su precipitación, ya que para ello requieren unas condiciones ácidas. Los datos texturales obtenidos en la zona de estudio indican que las fases minerales se formaron durante la diagénesis temprana, antes de la compactación de los sedimentos, lo que ha permitido inferir que precipitaron en contacto con aguas meteóricas ácidas, y por tanto, que las variaciones en su concentración pueden utilizarse para conocer la duración e intensidad de las condiciones de acidez en el medio...

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    E-Prints Complutense
    Doctoral thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hepkema, Tjebbe Marten;

    When tidal currents flow over the sandy bottom of a tidal channel, patterns emerge in the sand. These patterns grow into large tidal bars which are essential for plants and animals but hamper marine traffic. In this thesis we study the interaction between the tides and the bottom. The tides influence the transport of sediments and the patterns in the bottom influence the tides. First, we study the effect of tidal flats along a tidal channel on the characteristics of the tide in the channel. Subsequently, we analyze the initial formation of tidal bars. Hereby, we first solve an inconsistency in the literature about the question if the tidal bar length depends on the channel width. Secondly, we show the influence of the latitude of the channel to the initial formation of tidal bars. Lastly, we study by means of a numerical model how the initial bottom patterns evolve to matured tidal bars.

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    https://doi.org/10.33540/383...
    Thesis . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Boubrima, Ahmed;

    Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in environmental applications where the aim is to sense a physical phenomenon such as temperature, humidity, air pollution, etc. In this context of application, the use of WSN allows to understand the variations of the phenomenon over the monitoring region and therefore be able to take adequate decisions regarding the impact of the phenomenon. Due to the limitations of its traditional costly monitoring methods in addition to its high spatial and temporal variability, air pollution is considered as one of the main physical phenomena that still need to be studied and characterized. In this thesis, we consider three main applications regarding the use of WSN for air pollution monitoring: 1) the construction of real time air quality maps using sensor measurements; 2) the detection of pollution threshold crossings; and 3) the correction of physical models that simulate the pollution dispersion phenomenon. All these applications need careful deployment and scheduling of sensors in order to get a better knowledge of air pollution while ensuring a minimal deployment cost and a maximal lifetime of the deployed sensor network. Our aim is to tackle the problems of WSN deployment and scheduling while considering the specific characteristics of the air pollution phenomenon. We propose for each application case a new efficient approach for the deployment of sensor and sink nodes. We also propose a WSN scheduling approach that is adapted to the case of physical models’ correction. Our optimization approaches take into account the physical nature of air pollution dispersion and incorporate real data provided by the existing pollution sensing platforms. As part of each approach, we use integer linear programming to derive optimization models that are well adapted to solving small and medium instances. To deal with large instances, we propose heuristic algorithms while using linear relaxation techniques. Besides our theoretical works on air pollution monitoring, we design from scratch and deploy in the Lyon city a cost-effective energy-efficient air pollution sensor network. Based on the characteristics of our monitoring system in addition to real world air pollution datasets, we evaluate the effectiveness of our deployment and scheduling approaches and provide engineering insights for the design of WSN-based air pollution monitoring systems. Among our conclusions, we highlight the fact that the size of the optimal sensor network depends on the degree of the variations of pollution concentrations within the monitoring region.; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) sont largement utilisés dans les applications environnementales où l’objectif est de détecter un phénomène physique tel que la température, l’humidité, la pollution de l’air, etc. Dans ce contexte d’application, l’utilisation de RCSF permet de comprendre les variations du phénomène et donc être en mesure de prendre des décisions appropriées concernant son impact. En raison des limitations de ses méthodes de suivi traditionnelles et de sa grande variabilité spatiale et temporelle, la pollution de l'air est considérée comme l'un des principaux phénomènes physiques qui restent à étudier et à caractériser. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons trois applications concernant l’utilisation de RCSF pour le suivi de la pollution de l’air : la cartographie en temps réel de la qualité de l’air, la détection de dépassements de seuils des polluants et la correction de modèles physiques qui simulent le phénomène de dispersion de la pollution. Toutes ces applications nécessitent de déployer et d’ordonnancer minutieusement les capteurs afin de mieux comprendre la pollution atmosphérique tout en garantissant un coût de déploiement minimal et en maximisant la durée de vie du réseau. Notre objectif est de résoudre les problèmes de déploiement et d'ordonnancement tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques spécifiques du phénomène de la pollution de l’air. Nous proposons pour chaque cas d'application une approche efficace pour le déploiement de noeuds capteurs et puits. Nous proposons également une approche d’ordonnancement adaptée au cas de la correction de modèles physiques. Nos approches d'optimisation prennent en compte la nature physique de la pollution atmosphérique et intègrent les données réelles fournies par les plateformes existantes de suivi de la qualité de l’air. Dans chacune de nos approches d’optimisation, nous utilisons la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers pour concevoir des modèles d’optimisation adaptés à la résolution de petites et moyennes instances. Pour traiter les grandes instances, nous proposons des heuristiques en utilisant des techniques de relaxation linéaire. Outre nos travaux théoriques sur le suivi de la pollution atmosphérique, nous avons conçu et déployé dans la ville de Lyon un réseau de capteurs de pollution économe en énergie. Sur la base des caractéristiques de notre système et des jeux de données de la pollution atmosphérique, nous avons évalué l’efficacité de nos approches de déploiement et d’ordonnancement. Nous présentons et discutons dans cette thèse les résultats d'évaluation de performances ainsi que des lignes directrices pour la conception de systèmes de suivi de la pollution de l’air. Parmi nos principales conclusions, nous soulignons le fait que la taille optimale du réseau de capteurs dépend du degré de variation des concentrations de pollution dans la région de déploiement.

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    THESIS ABSTRACT research

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    Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
    Data sources: Datacite
    DOAJ
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2017
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      ETH Zürich Research Collection
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
      Data sources: Datacite
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Lubczyńska, Małgorzata Joanna, 1984-;

    La contaminación del aire es un problema importante de salud pública que provoca morbilidad y mortalidad prematura en todo el mundo. En los últimos años, la exposición a la contaminación del aire también se ha relacionado con enfermedades neurológicas y neuropsicológicas, siendo los fetos y niños identificados como algunas de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Sin embargo, la evidencia es todavía demasiado limitada para extraer conclusiones definitivas. El objetivo de esta tesis fue completar algunas de las lagunas de conocimiento existentes sobre las relaciones entre la exposición durante la vida fetal y la infancia a diversos contaminantes del aire en áreas urbanas, con alteraciones neurológicas y neuropsicológicas en niños. Para este objetivo, utilizamos los datos de contaminación del aire recogidos dentro de proyectos ESCAPE, TRANSPHORM, y MUSiC, y nuestra población de estudio consistió en niños de varias cohortes de nacimientos europeos, con datos disponibles sobre el resultado de salud de interés, así como en aspectos socioeconómicos y las características de estilo de vida de los niños y sus padres. Nuestros resultados reforzaron la noción de que la exposición a la contaminación del aire en los primeros años de vida es perjudicial para el desarrollo neurológico de los niños. Air pollution is a major public health concern, leading to worldwide morbidity and premature mortality. In the recent years, exposure to air pollution has also been linked to neurological and neuropsychological diseases, with fetuses and children identified as some of the most vulnerable populations. However, the evidence to date is still too limited to draw definitive conclusions. This thesis aimed to fill some of the existing knowledge gaps regarding the associations between fetal and childhood exposure to various air pollutants ubiquitous in urban areas, with neurological and neuropsychological alterations in children. To this aim, we used air pollution data collected within ESCAPE, TRANSPHORM, and MUSiC projects, and our study population consisted of children from various European prospective birth cohorts, with data available on the outcome of interest, as well as on child and parental socioeconomic, and life-style characteristics. Our results reinforced the notion that exposure to air pollution in the early years of life is harmful for children’s neurodevelopment. Programa de doctorat en Biomedicina

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    Authors: Odintcova, Tatiana;

    This thesis deals with the development of frequency-stabilized laser absorption spectrometers in the near-infrared to perform precision measurements on molecular spectra of atmospheric interest, such as acetylene and carbon dioxide. Two novel schemes have been implemented: the former is based on a pair of phase-locked diode lasers, one of them being a reference oscillator at 1.4 micron; the latter makes use of a self-referenced optical frequency comb synthesizer. In the second apparatus, a diode laser at a wavelength of 2 micron is frequency locked to the nearest tooth of the comb. In both cases, an absolute frequency scale is produced underneath any absorption spectrum. Line intensity factors and line widths have been determined with unprecedented accuracy. For carbon dioxide, our measurements give an important experimental test of ab-initio calculations, which have been recently performed at University College London by Jonathan Tennyson and coworkers. [edited by author] 2015 - 2016 XXIX n.s.

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    https://doi.org/10.14273/unisa...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Shapkalijevski, M.M.;

    This thesis deals with the representation of the exchange of energy, momentum and chemically reactive compounds between the land, covered by high vegetation, and the lowest part of the atmosphere, named as atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The study presented in this thesis introduces the roughness sublayer (RSL), the layer just above the tall vegetation canopy in which the atmospheric flow is directly affected by the presence of roughness elements, as an important part of the ABL system. Our focus is on the exchange of the thermodynamic, as well as the chemical properties of the boundary layer. Our methodology combines observational analysis using high resolution meteorological and chemistry measurements from the Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (CHATS) and modelling framework of the soil-vegetation-atmospheric boundary layer system. The systematic investigation in this thesis showed the relevance of the RSL for the turbulent exchange processes between the atmosphere and the land surface characterized by high vegetation. More specifically, we explained and discussed how the turbulence parameterization within the roughness sublayer is strongly dependent on canopy-phenology (canopy leaf state) and atmospheric-stability changes, and provided parameterization formulations for . Our modelling analysis further showed that the CHATS boundary-layer dynamics are mainly affected and controlled by the large-scale processes (advection and subsidence), while the effect of the canopy and the roughness sublayer were relatively small. Near the canopy top however, the the canopy had a significant impact on the modelled boundary layer state variables (wind speed, potential temperature and specific humidity) and the corresponding turbulent transfer coefficients (drag coefficients for momentum and scalars), as supported by the observations. With respect to the exchange of reactive compounds, we diagnosed twice-larger magnitude of the ozone deposition fluxes when the roughness sublayer effects are taken into account in the flux-gradient relationship, compared to the method which neglects these effects. Thus, neglecting the roughness sublayer effects in the surface flux parameterization schemes of ozone in atmosphere-chemistry models can lead to significant overestimation of the ozone diurnal mixing ratio in the boundary layer. By studying the high vegetation-atmosphere exchange processes, their quantification, and testing methods for their parameterization, we contribute to improve our understanding and representation of the roughness sublayer-atmospheric boundary-layer system.

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    Research@WUR; NARCIS
    Other literature type . Doctoral thesis . Thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Cunningham, Maxwell;

    One of the profound realizations in Earth science during the last several decades has been that the solid earth and climate system interact through mountain belt evolution. Tectonic forces generate topography, and erosion, driven largely by the climate, destroys topography. Perturbations to the competition between these processes may, for example, have driven the transition from greenhouse to icehouse climate during the Cenozoic. Erosion is the ultimate connection between the climate and solid earth system, and because landscapes are shaped by erosion, they hold in their form information about climatic and tectonic forcings. Reading climatic and tectonic processes from the landscape requires an understanding of how these processes drive erosion. One way that climate influences erosion is by setting the elevation at which glaciation occurs. It has been thought for over a century that erosion by glaciers can limit the height of cold, heavily glaciated mountains. In this thesis, I argue that the prevalence of this phenomenon is underappreciated, and that glacial erosion has imposed an upper limit on the growth of warm, tropical mountains. The argument is premised on a combination of field observations from two (sub)tropical mountain ranges in Costa Rica and Taiwan (including 10Be and 3He surface exposure ages), a new method of topographic analysis that identifies previously unrecognized patterns of landscape rearrangement introduced by high elevation glaciation, and a study of ten tropical mountain ranges that reveals a widespread glacial control on their height. The results of this thesis demonstrate the efficacy of glacial erosion even in the warmest mountains, and challenge the hypothesis that quickly uplifting and eroding landscapes have approached a steady state balance between rock uplift and fluvial erosion during the Pleistocene.

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